Definition Of Physical Fitness Physical Education Essay

Definition Of Physical Fitness Physical Education raise wellness relate sensual fittingness rotterful be defines a set of touchstone of physiological characteristic and physical level that associate with unseasonable of non- patrimonial complaint that is associates with sedentary bearing behavior (Vanhees et al. 2005). There are two component of physical physical seaworthiness which is, wellness relate fittingness and achievement cogitate physical fitness. Health related fitness is composed by aerobic fitness, muscle intensity level and endurance, flexibility and em remains composition (Huang, 2002), while skill related fitness associate with agility, balance, power, static dexterity and coordination (Miller et al. 2008).Even thought skill related fitness is non brilliance as health related fitness but skill related fitness is importance to athlete and military. Physical fitness are knead by many factor such as, age, gender, body mass forefinger or body type and as well as level of physical natural action, on that pointfore each individual need to maintained physical fitness level in order to cope with daily natural action and stay healthy.According to Chung (2008), physical fitness level of civilise children are be influence by physical education and physical activity. Each individual need to retain at least basic physical fitness prior to whiz the benefit of adequate fitness. Recently research has showed that more children are getting plunk and less fit and more prone to expose to chronic diseases. It is importance to keep in mind that maintaining physical fit in early age can contribute to decreases risk mortality and morbidity from chronic diseases (Malton, 2006).Non communicable diseases (NCDs) such as, over tip, weighty, amply blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and related condition are the major(ip) health burden to this country (Zainal Ariffn, 2012). Alarming ly, a non-communicable disease in Malaysia, prevalent among children has increase rapidly past few decades (NMM, 2012) and it will continue to be move (Tee, 2012). One of the major causes slip away to this rising is, sedentary life behavior that lead to low physical fitness (Mokdad et al. 2004). The studies on health related fitness on non-communicable diseases has been reported widely in all age (Jonker et al. 2006). Numerous healthy benefit can be achieve through engagement of regular and vigorous level exercise that lead to increase physical fitness (Ruiz et al. 2006).There are a lot of studies that has been done, mainly foc utilize in growing concern on physical fitness component among children in determining harmful effect of unfitness that can lead to adulthood (Dumith et al. 2008). Most of physical fitness that has been diagnosed showed that poor physical fitness level lead to potential strategy in early detecting metabolic disorder (Anderson et al. 2009). Despite of growin g concern and its importance to physical health in life, in Malaysia physical fitness theater of operations on children is still no well established. According to (Shabeshan, 2006) the prevalence of level physical fitness among take a shit instruction children is non very satisfactory.Furthermore, at that place a lot of variable associates with physical fitness level, such as cardiovascular, healthy strength/resistance and flexibility. Other standstill variable, that whitethorn contribute in identify factor predicted for fitness level are such anthropometric criterions, body mass index (BMI), and shank circumference (WC) that associate with muscular strength or resistance (Brunet et al. 2007), and cardiorespiratory fitness (Eisenmann, et al. 2005).1.2 Problem StatementLow physical fitness among school-going children may dec dividing line physiological cap big businessman. According to Rowland (1999) deterioration of physiological cap dexterity is due to low physical fitne ss that will lead to decreases in physical function and muscle strength. Furthermore, there was a lack entropy have been reported on physical fitness level among school-going children, interpreted into consideration that physical fitness turn outing, anthropometric and body composition measurement assessment are foundation steps for changing intervention life style or sedentary behavior, this present consume is carried come out of the closet to investigate the association surrounded by health related physical fitness with anthropometric indicator and body composition in primary school children in Beruas, Perak.1.3 Significance of matterIt is a well know that there are association between health related fitness with cardiovascular disease, overweight and obese among primary school children. This study will determined to what extend afoot(predicate) growth of school growing children respected to their physical fitness. The data being obtained in this study will work as a platfo rm for intervention on healthy life style and increase awareness among parent and teacher. This study is expected to provide a baseline data on physical fitness and other health parameters among school children. Furthermore, teacher, health department, and relevant agencies could develop syllabus and help them making decision for obesity prevention among school children.ObjectiveTo determine the anthropometry of the primary school children.To determine body composition of the primary school children.To determine physical fitness level of the primary school children.To determine relationship between anthropometric measurement, body composition with health related physical fitness among school children.1.5 HypothesesHo there are no significant relationships between anthropometric measurements, body composition to health related physical fitness. assertionFitness test instruction were presented in this study to primary school children, therefore each participant understood the instruc tion.Each participant five near commitment to the fitness measurement.Each participant was involved are free from any injuryEach participants guardian understood the research study and give permission to their children in taking part in this research by fill up the inform consent.LimitationsThe limitations of the study are stated belowStudy populationParticipants were involved in this study came from rural area located in Beruas, Perak. This study not take participant from other area, thus check geographical presented of the population.Limited timeParticipant has limited time because they need to participant in education class, thus the test has to be done in one day only.InstrumentThe skinfold measurement (harpenden) may not accurate as Dual Energy X-ray Absortiometry (DEXA), thus limited study finding. operable DefinitionThe studys operational definitions are as below1.8.4 FlexibilityAccording to William et al. (2003) flexibility is ability of articulate to move in full range of work and allows freedom of movement around the joint.1.8.5 Muscle strengthMuscle strength refer as external forced (work articulate in newtons, kilograms or pounds) that can be generated by ad hoc muscle or muscle size also been called resistance lift (William et al. 2003).1.8.6 torso composition ashes composition is a distribution of body fat to lean body mass (Pangrazi, 1991).1.8.7 ObesityObesity is known as a condition of pointless body fat and it is associated with a large form of debilitating and life-threatening disorders, such as major increase in associated cardiovascular, metabolic and other no communicable diseases (Must et al., 1999).1.8.8 stem circumferencesA waist circumference is measured using nan- elastic tape by placing on the trunk between iliac crest and lower costal margin (NCCFN, 2005).CHAPTER 2Literature Review2.1 IntroductionHealth can be described in variety approach the term itself can be utilize to describe how a persons feeling, shape or appeara nce and peoples fitness. However according WHO, (2003), the term health, is not simply the lack of disease or medical examination condition but it is a state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being or medical condition.Health related fitness is a sub home plate of healthy well being the health related fitness major focusing in maintaining gentle bodys system to endure or to sustain gentleity daily life activity, does not affect surplus fatigue, stress or illness by maintaining basic functioning of bodys system (Brunetto et al. 2009). Furthermore, as humanness body can maintaining basic function of bodys system that focusing in health related fitness it can cause or reduce chronic disease such as non-communicable disease and help faster in recovery on what they should drop dead. According to Jonatan et al. (2006), in order to persuade the healthy development of bodys system, human need to create regular workload get on their body such as regular exercise, so that humans body can adjusts to the demand workload to perform, and living an active lifestyle.However, if human live as sedentary behavior lifestyles their physical workload may reduce and doing beyond sitting or walking about may become a struggle, moreover body also not functioning effectively as a result may contribute to health conditions.2.2 Definition of Physical fitnessPhysical fitness can be defines in many ways, according to Kamil et al. (2012), physical fitness being defines as competence to adjust and recovery from extraneous exercise. Furthermore, physical fitness being defined as a condition that granted human to agree their daily activity without fatigue and have enough energy to enjoy leisure activity (Malina et al. 2004). According to Miller (2006) physical fitness can ne defined in various point view such as, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength or muscular endurance.Other definition for physical fitness is when body function at optimum efficiency thought capac ity of the heart, blood vessels, lungs and the muscle (Pate, 1993). All definition higher up has cover performance related fitness, but according to McGlynn, (1993) health relate fitness is focusing on protection against cardio disease, illness that associate with overweight, a diversity of joint and muscle caper and physiological complication that lead to further stress. Example of components of health related fitness is cardio respiratory endurance, flexibility, muscular strength and endurance and body composition.2.3 Health related fitness2.3.1 Cardiovascular fitnessCardiovascular fitness is closely related to ability exercise in prolonged period with involve large and propellant muscle size and intensity of exercise from moderate to high capacity (ACSM, 2010). Performance of exercise is depending to efficiency of skeletal muscle system, cardiovascular and respiratory state. In order to improve cardiovascular fitness, body must receive sufficient oxygen supply to the working m uscle and these will increase necessary enzymes activity for production energy in the working muscle. The general method in increasing or develop cardiorespiratory fitness is by increase intensity, era and frequency of exercise (William et al. 2003). Example of general exercise for young children to achieve the fitness level is at least 130-150 beats per minutes maintain it for 20 to 30 minutes for optimal benefit.According to ACSM (2010), cardiovascular fitness is health related fitness because decreased in cardiovascular it has been connected with premature end associated to cardio disease. Second reduction of death from various causes has been associated with increased cardio fitness and lastly high physical activity level associated with high cardiovascular fitness in turn has many associations with health benefit. The cardiovascular fitness test is an importance assessment in preventive program2.3.2 FlexibilityAccording to William et al. (2003) flexibility is ability of joint to move in full range of motion and allows freedom of movement around the joint. In order to have a good health lifestyle, individual need some definite amount of flexibility to cope with their daily life routine.Muscle viscosity, adequate warming up and distensible joint capsule are importance or specific variable that affect flexibility of individual (ACSM, 2010). Furthermore, ligament and tendon also associated with flexibility. Stretching or 10 to 30 flake and stretch beyond normal length have been recommended to increase the flexibility. Example of stretch being recommended is static trenching where it allows rapidly increased in strength reflex to a point of discomfort zone.2.3.3 Muscle strength and muscle enduranceMuscle strength refer as external forced (work express in newtons, kilograms or pounds) that can be generated by specific muscle or muscle size also been called resistance lift (William et al. 2003). According to ASCM (2010) strength can be test out using two ways the first method is using static, refer to no movement and muscular and sleeve movement. Second method is using dynamic refer as muscle change in length caused by external forced.Muscle endurance is ability of muscle group to repeatedly contract over period of time and enough to caused muscular fatigue or ability to maintain specific percentages of muscular contraction (ACSM, 2010). To develop both muscular strength and endurance the basic principle need to be master is overload, progression, specificity and intensity of load (William et al. 2003). Method can be used to develop muscular strength is, exercise at maximum or near maximum resistance and this will lead to physiological adaptation where muscle increased in strength. For muscular endurance development, method can be used is low intensity but with high repetition.2.3.4 Body compositionBody composition is a distribution of body fat to lean body mass (Pangrazi, 1991). The balance proportions of body fat in human body is one factor contribute to individuals fitness level. Essential fat and fund fat are two classification of fat in humans body (Macardle, 1986), where essential fat being stored in the liver , the lungs, kidney, spleen, lipid rich tissues in the central nervous system and intestine muscles. Second the storage fat is being stored in adipose tissue for nutritional and also for internal protection function.According to NIH (1996) stated that excess body fat curiously that located surrounding abdominal, will associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia and coronary artery diseases. Other related illness may contribute caused of excess body fat is problem on muscle and joint where extra weight being stress on these two part, heart disease and high cholesterol. Under stand this problem is essential in order to counter back the problem being faced by many children right now.2.4 Benefit Health Related FitnessTo increased health among school children or youth, component health related fitness play a vital role in improving individual fitness level. If student or youth involved in regular physical activity that involved proper or specific frequency, intensity, time, and duration of exercise they may develop good healthy fitness level. A strength or improve in health fitness will avoid such many chronic diseases or in other word non-communicable diseases.Second by improving health related fitness specially muscular strength and endurance it will help in resistance to fatigue. Thus it also will help increasing in the quality of life and help enjoy leisure activity.Student should be told or expose to the benefit of all packages of health related fitness, most of health problem occur in early part of life. In Malaysia it has being diagnosed, children under 12 years old, being overweight is 12.6% while 13.5% is obese caused of low physical activity that lead to low physical fitness level (Yeevon, 2011). The increasing health problem s among children now are very alarming where most of cased will associated with failure metabolic rate and heart disease. The knowledge of health related fitness is very importance for the student to master it for early development health lifestyle, by understanding the importance, student will created attitude to value the fitness and the will knowledge that the fitness need some try of regular exercise with a correct intensity and this will be the best preventive medicine for their life.2.5 Current Health related fitness in school childrenAccording to Tee, (2012) he stated that, the rate of mortality for local and abroad is very alarming where most of problem associated with cardiovascular death. One conclusion from the local data showed or stated that health related physical fitness among student and adult are not at satisfactory target or level. According to Frederick et al. (2010) electronic devices and automation that came from modern technology has made people less active a s a result low physical fitness level among children and adults.Second, current status of Malaysia growings children right now is very alarming where now Malaysia facing double burden problem such as increase in number of overweight and obese children and also increased in number of thinness or in other word undernourished children. The problem should be disposed full attention because the growing numbers are increase tremendously and Malaysian country is the leading country in Asian pacific in obesity rate (Tummy, 2011).On the other hand, other health problem being faced by the Malaysia country is low bone mass and genus Anemia this due to low body weight. Body images perception being faced by young adult and teenagers lead to eating disorder such as bulimia and anorexia (MASO, 2005). In nut shell it is importance for Malaysia people maintain their health status.Furthermore, available data showed that, the prevalence of obesity among children in Malaysia has equal twin on develo ped country (NCCFN, 2005). both cross-sectional surveys has being carry out in year 2007 and 2008 (Ismail et al., 2009) on children age 6 until 12 years old in Peninsular Malaysia. The data showed that, increase overweight and obese children from 11.0% to 12.8% and 9.7% to 13.7% respectively (figure 2.1).Figure 2.1 Prevalence overweight and obese in children age 6 to 12 years old in Peninsular MalaysiaWaist circumference has strongly associated with abdominal fat (NCCFN, 2005). According to Zhou, (2002) he pointed out, in large epidemiology studies, there are strong significant and independently correlated with dyslipideamia, blood pressure, 2 hours plasma glucose or diabetes. Based on the finding, waist circumference is one major importance test in determining individual at risk of chronic diseases.Being inactive or low physical activity has not only associated with heart illness but many other related illnesses. Diabetes, obesity, failure of metabolic rate is some sort of low phy sical fitness level. In order to overcome the problem is by increase the awareness among children the benefit having physical fitness level.CHAPTER 3Methodology3.1 Research DesignThe study was a cross sectional study. All downs male and female were enrolled in physical fitness test. This study tends to investigate the relationship between physical fitness, anthropometric and body composition among obese children. All field of honors were recruited voluntarily and with consent from parents/guardian. The showcases were briefed verbally during the meeting. The protocol and potential advantages were explained to the subjects before they were given the consent form filled by their parents or guardian. Approval was obtained from the State Education Department as well as school authority prior to data collection.3.2 Subject selectionTwo hundred and eleven subjects were randomly sampled in eight primary schools in Beruas area. Subjects include male and female age 10-11 years old. Multis tage sampling technique was used to to select all 211 subjects. The Multistage sampling technique was ensure equal reresentation of the subject.3.3 Data collectionThe data collection was carried out in primary schools. Data on anthropometry and body composition was collected before the subjects undergo the fitness tests. Standard fitness measurements were used to assess the fitness tests which were milksops College step test, hand grapple test, partial curl-up, and sit-and-reach test.Obtained ethical clearance and approval from Research Management Institute (RMI) and Ministry of education MalaysiaExclusion criteriaHas medical conditionNo approval from parent or guardianInclusion criteriaMale and female term of 10 and 11 years oldScreening and recruitment ofthe subjectsSK Gelung GajahSK Jenis Kebangsaan Cina Pei ChingSK Kampung KotaSK GanggaSubjects were recruited randomlyN=246Informed create verbally consent was obtained from each subject and parent /guardianData collectionAnthro pometry, body composition, physical activity and fitness testsStatistic was analysisFigure 3.1. Research shape up3.4 Sampling CalculationA total two hundred and four six subject were enrolled in this study. Sample size is determined using evade prevalence population. (Krejce and Margan, 1970). The internal confident is 90 percent (confident level) and population percentages not more than .05.Table 3.1Determining sample size from given populationNS*480214500217550226Note N = is population size S = sample size *sample size for 90% confident that the difference in the population and p There are 8 primary school located at Beruas perak. The population of all school children in Beruas is about 550 students and ground on the determining sample size table, the sample size been required is about 217 subject. In order to avoid drop out the required sample size is being multiple by 10% . The calculation as followedN = sample size= 226 x 10% (drop out) = 22 subject= 22 + 227= 248 subject.3. 5 Data Collection3.5 1 Antropometry measurementAnthropometry which includes body weight and height measurements were used in determining the subjects Body circle Index (BMI) by dividing the weight (kg) by height (m). The height was measured using a body meter, SECA, 208 (Germany) to the nearest 0.5 cm and the weight was measured using a digital calculation scale, Tanita (Japan). Procedures are as belowFor measuring heightThe equipment was mounted on the wall and the subject was bare footed.Both feet were closed together with the heels in achieve with the wall, same as the shoulder, back and the buttocks.With the head facing forward the height of the subjects were then measured.For measuring weightThe body weight was being measured in kilograms to the nearest 0.5 kg using the digital weighing scale with the subjects shoes off and light clothing.Then, they were asked to step onto the equipment and stand straight with both hands laid on their side.The measurement appeared on the sc reen of equipment and was recorded.Waist circumferenceWith participant standing and arm at the sides. Feet together and abdominal relax, a horizontal measurement is taken at narrowest part of the torso (above the umbilicus and below the xiphoid process)Hip circumferenceWith the subject standing, leg slishtly apart (10 cm), a horizontal measurement is taken at the maximal circumference of the hip/proximal thigh, just below the gluteal fold.http//healthfreedoms.org/files/2012/07/Waist-to-Hip-Ratio-%E2%80%93-How-can-measure-Waist-and-Hip-Ratio.jpgFigure 3.2 Figure of waist and hip circumference measurement3.6 Waist-to-Hip RatioWaist-to-hip ratio compares circumferences of the waist to the circumference of the hip. WHR was expressed as a ratio, using the formulaWHR = Hip Circumference Waist CircumferenceWhereWHR = waist-to-hip ratioWC = waist circumferenceHC = hip circumference3.6 Body Mass Index Measurement (BMI)The BMI (kg/m2) value of body mass index was calculated using WHO, (2007) . It was used to canvass and differentiate subjects according to the underweight, normal, overweight and obese category.Table 3.2Classification of Body Mass Index (kg/m) for male by ageAge tight-fittingNormal weightOverweightObese1017.1 18.518.6 21.5 21.51117.1 1919.1 22.5 22.5Note. From World health organization, (2007). Retrieved September 20, 2012, fromhttp//www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/en/index.htmlTable 3.3Classification of Body Mass Index (kg/m) for femaleAgeUnderweightNormal weightOverweightObese1016.6 1919.1 22.5 22.51117.4 19.920 23.7 23.7Note. From World health organization, (2007). Retrieved September 20, 2012, fromhttp//www.who.int/growthref/who2007_bmi_for_age/en/index.html3.7 Skinfold MeasurementSkinfold measurement was made on the right side of the body with subject standing upright. The clipper was placed directly on the skin surface, 1 cm away from the thumb and finger, perpendicular to the skinfold, and halfway between the crest and the base o f the fold. A pinch was maintained while culture the clipper. Wait 1 to 2 second (not longer) before reading caliper. Take duplicate measurement at each order, and retest if duplication measurement are not within 1 to 2 mm. Rotate through measurement sites to regain normal texture and thickness calculation based on ACSM (2010), 4 site formula (triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac).InstrumentSkinfol clipper SFCH80 Harpenden UK range 80mmProcedures are as belowTriceps vertical fold on the posterior midline of the upper arms, halfway between the acromion and olecranon processes, with the arms held freely to the side of the body.Biceps vertical fold on the anterior aspects of the arms over the belly of the biceps muscle, 1 cm above the level used to mark the triceps site.Subscapula diagonal fold (at a 45-degree angle) 1 to 2 cm below the inferior angle axillary line instanter superior to the iliac crest.Suprailiac diagonal fold in line with the natural angle of the iliac crest taken in the anterior axillary line immediately superior to the iliac crest.Calculation Equation developed by Durnin and Rahama (1967) to predict percentage total body fat (%TBF) as followsFormula tautness Equation for boy = 1.1533 0.0643 (x)Equation for girl = 1.1549 0.0678 (x)(x) = log of sum of skinfold at 4 sites (triceps, biceps, subscapular and suprailiac)Formula total body fat (TBF%) = (4.95 / Dencity 4.5) x 1003.8 Body fat percentageThe body fat percentage was taken using Bio-impedance Analyzer, Karada (810), (Omron, Japan). It measures the body fat percentage in relation to lean body mass. A normal balance of body fat to lean body mass is associated with good health and longevity. Procedures are explained as belowIn straight standing position, subjects were to hold the equipment, grab the handle, and with the hand extend 90 from their body.Measurement was appeared on the screen of equipment and was recorded.Physical Fitness TestQueen college step test (cardiovascular)T he Queen College Step test had been used to measure the cardio respiratory or aerobic fitness. According to Bolboli et al. (2008), it was quoted to predict maximum oxygen consumption and the reliability of the 3-minute step test was investigated with a specific rhythm. The procedures suggested are explained as belowSubject was ask to step up and down on the step box height 30.5 cm at 24 cycles (up-up-down-down) a minute (metronome setting of 96) for 3 minutes.Immediately after 3 minutes of stepping, the subjects were required to sit down.A 60 second heart rate will be taken starting 5 seconds after the completion of stepping.If the subject does not complete the test, they have to restart again.The subject score is total 60 second pulse rate following 3 minutes of stepping.Table 3.4Queen Step test normsScore Age54321Male1071 9293 113118 1421431176 99100 124 one hundred twenty-five 1481501224 -3412 231 110Female1074 9596 123125 1481501183 99100 -129130 1531541278 107108 137138 167168Note. From Measurement by the physical educator Why and how (5th ed), by David K. Miller, 2006, Boston McGraw-Hill Humanities Social. Copyright 2006 by David K. Miller. vary with permission.3.9.2 Hand Grip Test (upper body Strength)A muscular strength refer to the external force that can be generate by a specific muscle group and it can be express either statically or dynamically and isometric strength can be measured using hand grip dynamometer (ACSM, 2010). The hand grip test was measured using Digital Hand Grip Dynamometer (Takei A5401). Procedures are explained as belowA maximum voluntary grip is performed on a pair of short parallel bars held between the flexed fingers and the palm, with counter-pressure being applied by the thumb.The subject is verbally encouraged to produce a maximum effort by squeezing the bars as hard as possible and maintaining the maximal effort for 2-3 seconds.Reset the dynamometer to zero before use. Adjust the handgrip dynamometer to fi t the size of the subjects hand.The distance between the base and the handle of the dynamometer should label the distance between the base of the thumb and the base of the first digit.The subject stands with the heels, buttocks and back resting against a wall. Set the pointer reading to zero.Have the subject grip the dynamometer closely to their side of the body. When ready the subject grips as hard as possible to the count of three.Record the score in the data entry screen and repeat for the other hand (Clerke, 2005).Table 3.5.Norms for hand grip testMaleFemaleAgeWea