The Boondoggle of Vouchers and School Choice :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Boondoggle of School Choice   The summer before my newbie year of high school, my suburban school district decided to implement a new school choice program developed for the state of Massachusetts. It is a program-limited choice similar to many others around the country. Schools offer a certain military issue of spaces in each class for choice students, that is, students from other towns who wish to serve well the school. Students apply and enter a random lottery system. If they are chosen, they become legally-enrolled students at the new school. The costs of the program are covered by the childs hometown or subsidized by the state.   The logic of the program (and all other choice programs) is that it offers students the ability to attend better schools than those in their hometowns. School choice is lauded as the gigantic white hope of American education. Lets give those kids a chance Lets take control of our childrens education Supporters claim that school choice w ill not nevertheless save our students, but it will also save our schools. Schools will be forced to improve their programs to remain competitive. Soon, all students will be attending the schools they requisite to, and all schools will be worthy of their students. School choice is the panacea for the problems of American education.   Or at least thats what the proponents of the program tell us. Unfortunately, they leave aside a some crucial points. School choice will not be the saving of the American mind. It is a desperate attempt to patch up the problems of our system by offering a few students a new option and calling it salvation. One is reminded of a great juggling act, where if a few students are shuffled around, we may not notice the others falling to the ground. Pay no attention to the man behind the curtain . . .   Let me stress that I am not speaking as a bitter product of the system who feels that school choice has hurt her educational experience. When it was first installed in our school, a number of parents, students and community of interests members were outraged. They took a not in my backyard approach to the situation, bemoaning the influx of students from bad schools. They thought that the innocence of our town would be lost, as students who were different from our sheltered community were admitted.

ft.lauderdale high AP bio project :: essays research papers

2)LEVEL 1 - CellsAre the basic unit of structure and function in livingthings.May serve a specific function within theorganismExamples- blood cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc.tissue LEVEL 2 - Tissues do up of cells that are similar in structure andfunction and which work together to perform a specificactivityExamples - blood, nervous, bone, etc. Humans nurse 4basic tissues connective, epithelial, muscle, andnerve.LEVEL 3 - harmoniumsMade up of tissues that work together to perform aspecific activityExamples - heart, brain, skin, etc.LEVEL4 - Organ SystemsGroups of two or more tissues that work together toperform a specific function for the organism.Examples - circulatory system, nervous system,skeletal system, etc.LEVEL 5 - OrganismsEntire living things that can carry out all basic lifeprocesses. Meaning they can take in materials, overtakingenergy from food, release wastes, grow, respond to theenvironment, and reproduce.Usually made up of organ systems, but an organism maybe made up of only one cell such(prenominal) as bacteria orprotist.Examples - bacteria, amoeba, mushroom, sunflower,human4)1)Atom The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.2) Ion An ingredient that has gained or lost electrons thus acquiring a charge.3) Electronegativity The attraction of an atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. 4) Hydrogen Bond A type of weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom a polar covalent bond in other molecule.5) Hydrophilic Having an affinity for water.6) Cohesion The binding together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds.7) Capillary action Physical effect caused by the interactions of a liquid with the walls of a thin tube. The capillary effect is a function of the ability of the liquid to wet a particular material.8) Organic Compound Ccontains nuclear number 6 chemically bound to hydrogen. Organic compounds o ften contain other elements (particularly O, N, halogens, or S).9) Polar Covalent Compound A type of covalent bond surrounded by atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. 10) Molecule both or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.11) Isotope One of several atomic forms of an element, each containing a different number of neutrons and thus differing in atomic mass.12) Ionic bonding A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.13) Nonpolar covalent bond A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativitiy.

Composting Essay -- Environment, Waste

Composting process as a means of bioremediating the harmful waste can be assessed in terms of its hygienic facet since the effect of its quality is indicative of its essentiality and feasibility in the environment. Hygienic relevance of composting is primarily related to the microbes functioning as composters, the dust aerosols in the ambient air of the compost pile, and the type, concentration and state of the waste to be degraded. In terms of its hygienic feature, the compost whitethorn pose threat to human health as it generates immune response in living systems possibly triggered by leftover microbes, dust and tar tucker compounds to be treated in the compost matter. Although umteen of the toxins and pathogens are diminished to a great fig, the presence of pathogens in the compost might be able to contaminate the food chain as plants get into contact with it. Composting is an acknowledged pathogen reducing technique, but certainly not an eradication system. Also the manageme nt of the process and heterogeneous pile conditions in compost may pose particular challenge concerning the biosafety of this process. Composting has been successfully adopted but enough biological research is lacking on the biosecurity of this process. Accordingly regarding the microbial profile of the compost, the observational studies and characterization of microbes with respect to hygienic relevance by various scientists are discussed and reviewed as under.IntroductionComposting is the process of biodegrading the waste material in which an enormous number of materials like hydrocarbons, nitrogenous compounds, acids, their derivatives and even other organic and inorganic substances can be remediated from the environment (Finstein et al., 1986). Compost pro... ... Studies have shown that the presence of pathogens in a final examination compost may contaminate the food chain with the incomplete compost product provoking the growth of pathogenic microbes or keeping them alive a nd vigorous. well-nigh notably, human pathogens like Aeromonas, Aspergillus fumigatus, A. terreus, Cryptosporidium and Giardia cysts, Enterococcus faecalis, Geotrichum candidum, GeoBacillus stearothermophilus, G. thermoglucosidasi, Klebsiella, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas, Saccharomonospora and Saccharopolyspora, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella, Thermoactinomyces, Thermobifida, and Bacillus sp. being thermophilic and sporulating species still persist in a variety of compost. Studies are going on to give a better and ultimate solution view on the parameters for the eradication of various pathogenic strains activated or evolved during the process of composting.

The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald :: Papers

The Great Gatsby by Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby describes The unending quest after the romantic dream, which is forever betrayed in fact (Robert Omstein) Is it inevitable that dreams fail in this novel? The wild profligacy of Gatsbys parties, the shallowness and aimlessness of the guests and the hint of Gatsbys participation in theft and crime all make the period and the American setting. But as a piece of social commentary The Great Gatsby also portrays the breakdown of the American dream, from the viewpoint that American policy-making ideals conflict with the actual society since American democracy is based on the equality between people, the truth is that social discrimination still existed and the divisions among the classes could not be overcome. This made the dream of many of which is to become part of the higher social class, represented by East Egg, impossible to attain. In the novel, Myrtle is one of the characters whose desires restrain from social ambitions. She wanted to summate into the higher social values and to do so she had an affair with Tom and imitates his elbow room of living, but it results in her becoming as vulgar and corrupt. Her dreams and ambitions resulted in her death. She therefore finds herself failing to reach her dreams and becomes only a shell of what she yearns to be. Gatsbys dreams on the other hand are more of a substantial struggle. Unlike Myrtles desire, which springs from social ambitions, Gatsbys dreams are related more to his idealism and his confidence in lifes potentials. Undoubtedly, his desire is also influenced by social considerations Daisy, who is wealthy and beautiful, represents a way of life, which is remote from Gatsbys and therefore more attractive because it is out of reach. However, social consciousness is not a basic cause. It simply directs and focuses Gatsbys belief in lifes possibilities. Like Myrtle, Gatsby struggles to fit himself int o another social group, but his attempt is more vital because his whole faith in life is involved in it.

The Bombing of Hiroshima Essay -- essays research papers

The Bombing of HiroshimaThe bomb was dropped for many reasons and President Truman was faced with a hard decision to drop the bomb. During World War II, the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. If he dropped the bomb he would surely have killed an estimated 200,000 lacquerese and the city of Hiroshima. Otherwise he would risk the invasion of Japan, which would cause even more causalities and even more Japanese lost lives. Truman thought of the military, political, and moral benefits and harms for displace the bomb on Hiroshima. David McCullough said, If you want one explanation to why Truman dropped the bomb it was done to stop the killing. (Hunt, A9) My purpose is to inform that President Truman was right to drop the bomb. after(prenominal) the bomb was dropped, President Truman, We have used it in order to shorten the agony of war, in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans. We shall continue to use it until we whole destroy Japans power to make war. If the Allies invaded mainland Japan, an estimated million or more would be invading Japan. The United States would resort to invading Japan as the last resort, knowing the possibilities of the large amount of casualties. The casualties in war are unavoidable and President Truman knew that the American people were basically sick and stock(a) of the war. Many families were torn apart because of the war and everyone wanted to stop the madness. The atomic bomb was dropped for some political reasons...

The Bombing of Hiroshima Essay -- essays research papers

The Bombing of HiroshimaThe bomb was dropped for many reasons and President Truman was faced with a hard decision to drop the bomb. During World War II, the world-class atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. If he dropped the bomb he would surely have killed an estimated 200,000 Japanese and the city of Hiroshima. Otherwise he would risk the invasion of Japan, which would yard even more causalities and even more Japanese lost lives. Truman thought of the military, political, and moral benefits and harms for dropping the bomb on Hiroshima. David McCullough said, If you want one explanation to why Truman dropped the bomb it was done to tip the killing. (Hunt, A9) My purpose is to inform that President Truman was right to drop the bomb. After the bomb was dropped, President Truman, We have used it in grade to shorten the agony of war, in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans. We shall continue to use it until we completely destroy Japans power to make war. If the ally invaded mainland Japan, an estimated million or more would be invading Japan. The United States would resort to invading Japan as the last resort, knowing the possibilities of the large amount of casualties. The casualties in war are unavoidable and President Truman knew that the American people were basically sick and tired of the war. Many families were torn apart because of the war and everyone wanted to stop the madness. The atomic bomb was dropped for some political reasons...

Ethical Principles for Research

Ethical Principles for Research There is four well-known virtuous principles constitute the basis for ethics in research. They are first, the principle of non-maleficence. It means that the research must non cause harm to the participants in particular and to lot in general. Second is the principle of beneficence. That show the Research should also make a positive contribution towards the welfare of people. It should be provide benefit for some(prenominal) treatment is. Third is the principle of autonomy. The research must respect and protect the remunerates and dignity of participants.For my perspective if my doctor ask me to take an antibiotic to treat the infection, is my right to consent the treatment or withdraw my consent. Next is the principle of justice. The benefits and risks of research should be fairly distributed among people. The ten general ethical principles, presently relevant for complaisant science research in health are as follows. First is essentiality. This is for chore research it is necessary to make all possible efforts to get and order adequate consideration to existing literature/knowledge and its relevance, and the alternatives available on the subject/ issue under the study.Second is, Maximisation of public interest and of well-disposed justice. That means that the research is a neighborly activity, carried out for the benefit of society. It should be undertaken with the motive of maximisation of public interest and social justice. Third is knowledge, ability and lading to do research. It shows that sincere commitment to research in general and to the relevant subject in particular, and readiness to acquire adequate knowledge, ability and skill for undertaking particular research are essential prerequisites for good and ethical research.Next is the respect and protection of autonomy, rights and dignity of participants. This research involving participation of individual must not only respect, but also protect the autonomy, the rights and the dignity of participants. The participation of individual must be voluntary and based on informed consent. Next is the privacy, anonymity and confidentiality. It shows that all knowledge and records provided by participants or obtained directly or indirectly on/about the participants are confidential.For revealing or sharing any information that may identify participants, permission of the participants is essential. Then, the precaution and risk minimisation. For this research all research carries some risk to the participants and to society. Taking adequate precautions and minimising and mitigating risks is, therefore, essential. Then,non-exploitation. The research must not unnecessarily consume the time of participants or make them incur undue loss of resources and income. It should not expose them to risks due to participation in the research.The relationship at bottom the research team, including student and junior members, should be based on the principle o f non- exploitation. Contribution of each member of the research team should be properly hold and recognised. Next is public domain. It needed all persons and organisations connected to research should make adequate efforts to make public in impound manner and form, and at appropriate time, information on the research undertaken, and the relevant results and implications of completed research. Then, accountability and transparency. The conduct of research must be fair, honest and transparent.It is desirable institutions and researchers are amenable to social and financial review of their research by an appropriate and responsible social body. They should also make appropriate arrangements for the preservation of research records for a reasonable stay of time. Last but not least, totality of responsibility. The responsibility for due observance of all principles of ethics and guidelines devolves on all those directly or indirectly connected with the research. They include institu tion where the research is conducted, researcher, sponsors/funders and those who publish material generated from research.

Jane Eyre in the Opening 3 Chapters Essay

Charlotte Bronte is the author of the novel Jane Eyre about an orphaned girl try throughout the novel to achieve equality and to overcome oppression. In the opening 3 chapters, Bronte emphasizes Janes loneliness, lack of familial affection and emphasizes her sensitive nature and privileged strength. As we witness Jane being punished and neglected at the hands of her unfeeling aunts and left feeling isolated and out of place in her society. Firstly, we ar introduced to Jane, hiding reading a book. This establishes her odd and lonely place at Gateshead hall. As not only is she separated from the rest of the reed family but Bronte explains that she is beaming and feared nothing except interruption. To feel safe and content only from being excluded from her family signifies janes neglected and troubled childhood.This is indicated as a child should indigence to be surrounded by family and love. for Jane to be living in despair by the sense of this seclusion to be obstructed implies h er inner strength of freedom as shes willing to line up a book and read educating herself instead of moping and giving up. And shes joyful when emphasises her independence and drive to find a book and read rather than mope. ane sitting and reading by herself, not allowed to play with her cousins, establishes her odd and lonely position at Gateshead Hall. Yet her willingness to find a book to read, rather than just moping, establishes her independence.

The Two-Minute Speech

Lasting roughly over two minutes, the Gettysburg Address is one of the best known speeches in American history. In the Gettysburg Address, author Abraham capital of Nebraska puts hope into the hearts of Americans of a new nation brought up from the ashes of the American Civil War and the noble men that fought to lay aside its belief in familiarity and the equality of all men.Lincolns words deliver a sense of unity and wholehearted purpose among Americans in his Gettysburg Address. In the first paragraph, Lincoln states his belief that all men are created equal, an allusion to the Constitution. He is asserting that freedom of all men, including slaves, is backed by the law of the land. Lincoln never manipulations the words I or you to address his audience, but instead uses we, our, and us, to establish ethos and connect with the crowd before him and Americans in generalthe labor union and the South.Moreover, he repeatedly says we throughout his speech to emphasize his goal for uni ty. In the third sentence of the third paragraph, Lincoln uses parallelism in little vs. languish and we say vs. they did to make a point that the fight to defend their countrys values of liberty and freedom from their soldiers will not be forgotten. once more he reveres their nobility in the first sentence of the same paragraph , repeating we cannot in front of dedicate, consecrate, and hallow (this ground), exploitation hyphens between each statement to create emphasis. Lincoln builds up to his ultimate message, the climax of the paper That Americans shall make it their duty to see that the rights of man which Union soldiers so righteously defended shall never again be neglected.He goes on by addressing the great task remaining before them, which is thatwe give as much devotion to the puddle as those who died for it, that we highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, and that this nationshall have a new birth of freedom, creating, with this use of anaphora, and intensity that makes his listeners feel proud while also giving them a sense of purpose/cause. Finally, Lincoln uses asyndeton to close off his speech by affirming that political sympathies of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth, promising abrighter future. Lincolns Gettysburg Address reassured Americans that their soldiers did not die in vein, for the freedom and liberty of man would never cease to be defended.

Oil Company Must Decide Whether or Not to Drill

An oil company must decide whether or not to drill an oil well in a particular area that they already own. The decision maker (DM) believes that the area could be dry , reasonably ethical or a bonanza. See data in the table which shows the gross revenues for the oil well that is found. Decision Dry (D) ReasonablyBonanza(B) good(G) Drill $0 $85 $cc m Abandon $0 $0 $0 prospect 0. 3 0. 3 0. 4 Drilling costs 40M. The company sess take a series of seismic soundings ( at a cost of 12M) to determine the underlying geological structure.The results will be either no structure, open structure or closed structure. The reliability of the testing company is as follows that is, this reflects their historical performance. Note that if the test result is no structure the company can sell the land to a developer for 50 m, otherwise (for the other results) it can abandon the drilling idea at no benefit to itself. . Conditional Probability for a given state of nature Seismic Results Dry(d) Reasonab ly good(g) Bonanza(b)No structure(N) 0. 7 0. 3 0. 1 Open(O) 0. 2 0. 3 0. 4 Closed (C ) 0. 10. 4 0. 5 That is P (N/D) =0. 7 P (O/G) =0. 3, P(C/B) =0. 5 After you have computed the revised probabilities round to two decimal places a) Construct the appropriate decision tree to befriend the oil company make the appropriate decisions. This tree must be constructed in logical order with labels and net payoffs. It also includes the revised probabilities ) Fold patronise the decision tree) to determine the best strategy for the company you must state this strategy . What is the final expected profit? c) What is the expected value of sample information(EVSI)- the intimately that should be paid to seismic testing firm for the test? d) Calculate the expected value of perfect information (EVPI)- the most that should be paid to an skilful for perfect prediction of the uncertain outcomes e) What is the efficiency of sample information

Countrys I Will Visit

Someone ones told me if I planned to pop off and I answered him no. So he righteous told me this The solid ground is a book and those who do not travel see lone(prenominal) a page (Mr. Sadeiki 9th grade). It kept me thinking and well I unflinching to travel. I believe traveling exit make me a better person and give me different perspectives of people around the world. I made my position list and the three countries I would live to visit the most would be Mexico, The Bahamas, and brazil. permits move on to why Mexico is my one of my chose in visiting. Mexico was the order where I was born and I entirely got to live there for three years.I have always wanted to go back but just to go visit. I want to visit it because most of my family lives there and I would ilk to meet them. Ive heard and done slightly research on some of the beaches that Mexico has. They look very nice and clean somewhere that someone would corresponding to go visit a lot, but not just its beaches bu t likewise the nice history that it has. Like the pyramids of the Aztecs and the courts of a sport they played called Ullamaliztli. After visiting Mexico I would love to go and visit the Bahamas. Imagine a world where you cant tell where dreams begin and reality ends.These are The Islands of the Bahamas. And theyre like no other places on Earth (www. bahamas. com pg1). The Bahamas are unique because they have overseer prepare water that you could see your feet as if you are in a pool. There so clear that you could see 200ft down with no problem. The Bahamas have a lot of islands and beautiful sights especially the beaches. The people always have a lay back attitude (like leave the problems for tomorrow). They are very friendly and like to celebrate a lot. They also have a history and a lot of historical places that make it look like a paradise like its treasures.Talking ab pop out paradise, Brazil is the main place I would like to travel too. Brazil is a country of great natural b eauty. Dazzling beaches and rainforests are a few of the superlative attractions that await visitors. Brazil is also home to a people of great ethnic and cultural diversity, whose heritage is expressed in vivacious art and celebrations, historical cities and bustling urban centers. Here are some of the main reasons why I would like to travel to Brazil. Brazil has 62 subject field parks were you are able to see its amazing landscapes and ecosystem. I will visit all 62 parks.The amazing thing that Brazil has is its celebrations and events they have threw out the year. They bring lots of joy into life and color. Its history also attracts me a lot because it has temples and lots of other things. It will bring joy to me and make me a better person. Traveling to these countries will be a lot of fun. Thats why I will go and visit these places with the one I love or with a friend. If not I will travel them alone because it will probably be even more fun than with someone. I will get start ed by getting my passport and save some money.I hope to do this traveling by when I turn 25 years old. Let me leave you with this final thought what would you do read more pages or just read the first one? I hope you choose to travel like I am. Three Countries I will Visit (outline) * Intro Hook- The world is a book and those who do not travel read only a page Thesis- I believe traveling will make me a better person and give me different perspectives of people around the world. a. Mexico b. The Bahamas c. Brazil Transition- Lets move on to why Mexico is my first chose in visiting. Body Para A Mexico was the place where I was born and I only got to live there for three years. a. Would like to visit my relatives b. They have great beaches. c. The historical places Transition- After visiting Mexico my third chose would be the Bahamas. * Body Para B Imagine a world where you cant tell where dreams begin and reality ends. These are The Islands of the Bahamas. And theyre like no other pla ces on Earth. a. They have clear waters b. People always have a lay back attitude. c. It looks like paradiseTransition- Talking about paradise, Brazil is the main place I would like to travel too. * Body Para C Brazil is a country of great natural beauty. a. Amazing landscapes b. Celebration and events c. Its historical cities and its beaches Transition- Traveling to these countries will be a lot of fun. * Conclusion Thats why I will go and visit these places with the one I love or with a friend. roar for action I will get started by getting my passport and save some money. Let me leave you with this final thought what would you do read more pages or just read the first one?

Northern Colonies vs. Southern Colonies Essay

From the offset settlement founded in the 1600s, the British colonies were a varied go of communities that grew to diaphanous civilizations in the 17th and 18th centuries. Queen Elizabeth helped drive the colonization of Jamestown in 1607 and ultimately the creation of other Confederate colonies to help Britains thrift flourish. In contrast, James I, Elizabeths successor, spurred the settlement of the Northern colonies for religious reasons when he vowed to purge Eng estate of all radical Protestant reformers (Davidson, et al 85). When the Pilgrims sailed the Mayflower in 1620, an fracture in navigation led them far north to New England, rather than the South. A second wave of Puritans led to the formation of the Massachusetts Bay village and the growth of other Northern colonies. While the early settlers were all looking for new experiences, different types of people populated the Northern and Confederate colonies. Although the two regions in the 17th and 18th centuries may a ppear to be similar on the surface, there are many a(prenominal) obvious differences in economy, treatment of Natives, and stability, stemming from the reasons they were founded in the first place. While the colonies differed in their economies and the reasons they were settled in the first place, they all benefited from benign neglect from Britain during much of the 17th and 18th centuries. Benign neglect was Britains polity of non-interference with the colonies (Davidson, et al 128). Britain was busy dealing with its own government issues and change in rulers and did not have the time to strictly administer the colonies. Because of this, twain the Northern and Southern colonies flourished economically and established a relatively shelter way of life. In addition, the first Colonial settlers and their descendents shared a desire for a better life, whether it was for land, money, or religious freedom.Without this benign neglect from Britain, the colonies may have never been able to prosper and set the stage for the new world the way they did. Despite a similar determination to thrive in a new world, the Northern and Southern colonies differed substantially in their economies. The Southern colonies included Virginia, Maryland, Georgia, and the Carolinas and were bombasticly founded for profit. Because of the warm mood and fertile soil, the Southern colonies were perfect for the growth of staple crops, ranging from tobacco, rice, and sugar. A planter, John Rolfe, had been obsessed withfinding a crop that could be expectant in Virginia and then interchange for gain across the sea. When he succeeded by growing tobacco, other English followed his lead (Davidson, et al 53). Tobacco growth was critical for the Southern economy to succeed. But, as these crops began to prosper and England demanded to a greater extent(prenominal), many of Jamestowns colonists had little taste for labor (Davidson, et al 59). The sudden need for cheap labor led to the reliance on slavery, which would surmount the Southern economy and way of life for many years to come. In the late 1600s, farmers began to invest in slavery rather than white servants because they would get more years out of the slaves, and also gain title to their children (Davidson, et al 63). New laws made it nearly impossible for white Masters to free slaves, further stage set slavery in the South.In contrast, the Northern colonies had a more industrial economy. The Northern colonies consisted of Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. Al to the highest degree every male settler in the North owned property, so small farms were, in fact, established across New England and the Mid Atlantic colonies (Davidson, et al 89). But unlike the South, the crops grown from these farms were not for capital, but rather for feeding the families. The soil in the North was too rocky and the climate was too unstable to have a undimmed agric ultural industry. Many early colonists described the land as rockbound and rugged long winters of numbing cold melted into short summers of steamy heating plant (Davidson, et al 85). Also, because agriculture was limited, the need for slavery did not exist. With little hope of prospering through commercial agriculture, New England farmers had no incentive to import large numbers of servants and slaves or to create large plantations (Davidson, et al 89). Instead, they traded fur with the Indians and established major harbors in Boston and Philadelphia for international trading. Shipbuilding and fishing also rule port cities, such as Boston. Bostons merchants sent fish to the Caribbean and Catholic Europe (Davidson, et al 118). As a result of different land and climates in the North and South, their economies differed, affecting many more aspects of the colonies as well. The Indians were the original settlers in the colonies as well as the rest of what would become America. As both the Southern and Northern settlers arrived in the New World, they took vastly different approaches in their treatment of the natives.Neitherregion treated the Indians ideally. When Captain John Smith sailed to Chesapeake, many of his settlers were hungry and, he bullied the Indians for food and would have enslaved them if it had been in his power (Davidson, et al 52). It is hard to imagine that the early settlers took the Indians land, but in addition, bullied them to receive food. To take the Southern treatment of Indians to an extreme, the Carolinas traded the Indians themselves as slaves. The Carolinas needed cheap labor to grow their cash crops, but they could not afford African slaves. To fund this venture, the Carolinas resold enslaved Indians they traded goods for with other Indian tribes (Davidson, et al 70). The Carolinas treated Indians like they were a commodity, rather than as human beings, all in the name of funding an even greater evil slavery. Although the Northern Co lonists were twisting in a number of conflicts with the natives, they were not nearly as cruel as the Southern Colonists. John Eliot, a Puritan leader, for example, helped set up a school within Harvard, to help Indians learn English and culture (Davidson, et al 94). Although this didnt help the Indians grow as a tribe, it did not drive them apart from the Colonists and made them feel more like a community.The Northern colonies also needed help from the Indians to survive the harsh winters, so treating them well was important. In Pennsylvania, the Quakers coexisted stopfully with the Lenni Lenapes, another Indian tribe. Before William Penn sold any land to colonists, he purchased it from the Indians (Davidson, et al 96). Because the Quakers settled in Pennsylvania for religious freedom, not profit, keeping peace with the Indians was part of their way of life. In short, the treatment of Indians reflected the reasons the two regions settled in America. The stability of the colonies also varied by region. The Northern colonies were significantly more stable than the Southern colonies for a variety of reasons. In the North, their settlements were closer together, creating more order and stability in their tightly knit communities.The Northern colonists lived to an average age of 70, nearly twice as long as Virginians (Davidson, et al 89). The population in the North also increased naturally, whereas in the South, it was artificially increased by the import of African slaves. By 1740, 40% of all Virginians were black (Davidson, et al 67). Also, because of the higher life expectancy in the North, families were stronger.About 90% of children in the North reached adulthood, and unlikethe Chesapeake, most parents were able to survive and provide for their family (Davidson, et al 89). In the Chesapeake region, there were few churches whereas in the North, community life centered around churches, contributing further to a more stable society, which would help the Nor therners in the long run. Although the Northern and Southern colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries shared some similarities, they were, in fact, separate and distinct civilizations. The colonies varied drastically in their economies, treatment of the native people, and their stability, mainly because their reasons for settling in the New World were different as well. The Southern colonies were established in the beginning for profit. The Northerners were looking to break free from Catholic Britain and have freedom of religion in the New World. The unplanned arrival in Plymouth, rather than the South, contributed even more to how different the two regions really were, based on geography. These differences, while distinct early on, ultimately led to much bigger conflicts in America, almost destroying it altogether.

Lifeboat Ethics Essay

Life is like a cruise ship or at least until the engine blows up and your oasis of luxury sinks. Before you know it, you find yourself sitting in one of the few lifeboats, surrounded by hundreds of people who are now accurately portraying survival of the fittest. They are treading irrigate and fearing sharks, all because there are non enough rafts. You are appreciative to be in your lifeboat and tear downtually question if everyone on this earth has an equal right to an equal share in its resources (Hardin 1). Well, if you were not wondering about that, Garrett Hardin was.In his essay Lifeboat Ethics the Case Against Helping the Poor, Hardin compares the condition of wealthy nations to that of a lifeboat. Hardins main idea is that wealthy nations should not offer both kind of assistance or support to people in forgetful countries because the outcome in doing so would be a catastrophe. Although Hardins ideas accurately call down the problems of over-population and supporting th e poor, he fails to defend his logic by not stating a satisfying compromise between the two extremes of giving all of our resources to the poor and not abeting the poor at all.He uses a lifeboat example to show the segregation to show the segregation of the rich people in the boat and the poor people swimming in the surrounding water. Natural instinct is to take in as many poor people as possible even if the raft lacks space, but Hardin argues that theresult would be a sinking raft and a disaster. There would be no positive result. If rich people withdraw poor people in the raft, the raft would then lose its safety factor. In the end, there would be no positive outcome in helping the swimmers and the result would be complete justice, complete catastrophe (Hardin 1).In a crowded world of less than perfect human beings, mutual violate is inevitable if there are no controls. This is the calamity of the commons (Hardin 3). The tragedy of the commons is a perfect example as to why th ere is no advantage in helping the poor. A persons property or possession is well taken care of because it is his or her own responsibility. simply if it is available for everyone it would not be taken care of as much. Hardin uses air and water as examples of commons that have been taken advantage of. Since air and water are both treated as commons, they have become polluted and therefore endanger everyone.Another negative product of helping the poor is that they depart never learn from their mistakes. Since poor countries know that the wealthy countries leave alone be there to help and prepare them aide when needed, they will never learn to deliver themselves and prepare for future disasters. Why would they? No one would go out of their way to get something if they knew it would be handed to them when needed.But they can learn from experience. They may mend their ways, and learn to budget for infrequent but certain emergencies (Hardin 4). Hardin does not give a neutral idea t o this problem. He basically states, either we give the poor everything or we give them nothing at all. This problem could easily be solved by limiting how much we give other countries in their times of need. If they are aware that they will only get x-amount of supplies from us, they will be more likely to stock necessities and other resources.Hardins argument is whether we should help poor countries and have them forever depend on us, or not help them and let them learn their lesson in the hopes that it will benefit them in the future. It is graspable that we should help them because we are a rich nation and should not be greedy with our wealth, but people are naturally careless and selfish when tragedy strikes. When people receive aide, they end up depending on it as long as they can. So the answer to the question asked earlier is no, not everyone is entitled to a fair share of resources. For the foreseeable future, our survival demands that we govern our action by the ethics of a lifeboat, harsh as though they may be. Posterity will be satisfied with nothing less (Hardin 8).

Irish and Mexican Culture and Customs Essay

If we start to compare how Irish citizenry greet to another person and how mexi send packings we can nonplus a big difference because as we know mexican people always hypothesize hi with a kiss in the cheek and is a normal way to greet horizontal although they entert know each other. Irish people with only verbalize hi is a find to greet another one, for them is unfeignedly rear to give a kiss in the cheek. For mexicans is authentically normal to say hi giving a kiss in the cheek and if you dont greet ein truthone is a very uneducated of your part. Irish people is just fine to say hi or how re you without giving a kiss, because for them if you give a kiss is really inappropriate. Examples of how irish people say hiHi, how are you?Hi, how you doing?Hi, how is it going?Hi, you all right?Hi, whats the story? (this is a very informal way to say hi, just people who live in really bad conditions say this type of greet.)Examples of how mexicans say hiHola como estas?Que ondaQue talH ola, Mucho gustoWhen Irish people inroduce themself to a strenger they just say hi nice to equal you my name is . And they shake hands to each other, this is a formal way to meet someone. In a informal they dont shake hands and they just say hi my name is . Nice to meet you. In ireland the poeple when they want to introduce someonePeople in Ireland boast a long list of things that they might eat for breakfast. Including breakfast cereal, porridge, toast, croissants, grapefruit, a bowl of fruit, yoghurt, sausages, rashers (thin slices of bacon), black pudding, fair pudding, tomato, eggs(fried, boiled or scrambled), baked beans, fried potato (in cubes or as a potato cake), and numerous other slight variations pancakes, toasted potato farls, brioche, pop tarts. After the breakfast they sport a luch make out at 1 pm and what they eat is Sandwiches of all kinds are popular. Fruits of a variety too, like apples and oranges and bananas. just about will go for less healthy options li ke chips or chocolate. Then around 6pm or 7pm they stool dinner and they like to eat corn beef and cabbage, and they also enjoy potatoes too.January the 5th is a all(prenominal) traditional twenty-four hours for every mexican, is called LA NOCHE DE LOS REYES MAGOS (The night of the King Wizards). Family and friends get together in a very casual way and have a ROSCA DE REYES (like a big doughnut in an ovoid shape) and hot chocolate for dinner. Everybody gets a chance to cut their piece of the rosca and inside it has a plastic queer (Jesus) and who ever finds the baby is supposed to invite everyone present to eat tamales on February 2nd, (Day of the candelaria). Normally you can find 2 to 8 babies inside the bread, and we do it more for the fun of it than really for making another party. What is nigh measurable here is the next day, children go to sleep on January 5th and leave a habilitate next to the nacimiento, (A Nativity, a small introduceation of the birth of Christ). Children leave their shoe and receive presents the next day (Just like Irish receive from Santa Claus).What I find very valuable in my country is El dia del muerto, the Day of the Dead has been celebrated in Mexico, and other Latin countries. This is a very special ritual, since it is the day in which the living entertain their departed relatives. The Day of the Dead is a beautiful ritual in which Mexicans happily and lovingly remember their loved relatives that have died. What they like to do for remember their family who just commune away is to make an communion table where they put the picture of this person and flowers with common food mexican that represent the favorite food of this special person who just died because they think that the sould of this person can come to the altar and what it do is smell all the food that they used to like and enjoy it in this big day. It is important for me because is a beautiful way to remember that special person who has been part of you r family.I dont find something that is not valuable in my country because everything has a important meaning for the mexicans. Every tradition has a important meaning in the history of Mxico and we celebrate some important old age because it has something special and valuable for everyone. I find very special the mexican culture and the actitud that mexicans have because is really unique and I can see that we are very joyfull than other countries and funny.We are rich in culture and we have a lot of history that has change mexico in many ways. Our tranditions are varied than other countries because we celebrate important days in different ways and we do something special for remember it thats for example we celebrate with big parties and with delicious typical food. Also we have different type of typical clothe that represent each region of Mexico. For me all of this is really important because mexico is a beautiful vagabond full of history and beautiful people joyfull.A important tradition that is celebrated by the irish people is Saint Patricks day, they celebrate this day because Saint Patrick was the person who brought cristianity to Ireland and thats why they remember this important person who was really important for the history in Ireland. People wear green, and often go to pubs and parties where they suck beer that has been dyed green and listen and dance to Irish music. This is the way they celebrate this important day. I dont think that they have something that is nos important because in every country they celebrate something different and have different meanings so I think that everything is important.

Students

There Is so much that has been write on the topic of triumph. Success is envied and there is great aspiration by both individuals and organizations to achieve it. It is and whence no wonder that so much attention has been paid to it. Does the fact that mastery is synonymous with situation make it even more precious to be sought for? How is mastery achieved and sustained, and what lessons can be wise to(p) from those who have a bun in the oven been there and done that. The word achiever when uttered is comprehend in so many conglomerate centerings as it means differently from person to person and from origination to organization. To rough the word success brings Joy, to others it brings fear and for some it is taboo when associated with accumulation of wealth since money is viewed as the root of evil. However, Edwards (2007) stipulates that money itself is sightly information moving about in a system And it is needed in order to modernize the things we need to live no rmal, healthy lives. Then, there argon those who do not even give success a second thought at solely. Abraham Moscow, in his model of Hierarchy of Needs indicates that human beings be motivated by unsatisfied needs ND therefore strive to achieve them. What is the secret to success and is there a expression that fits all? This paper is an addition to the statistics on the volumes of papers, articles and books that have been written on the topic of success with a view to understanding further the quest for mans proneness to succeed.Definition of Success As stated above, the word success has different meanings to people or organizations depending on the desires and goals one wants to achieve. However for the sake of glueyness of this paper It Is pertinent to have one or two working definitions. According to the Oxford Dictionary (British and introduction English) the word success has its origins in the Latin word successes meaning come close after. However the English definitio n of success is as follows It means the accomplishment of an aim or purpose the attainment of fame, wealth, etc. Or the good or bad outcome of an undertaking. Bennett (2006) is more comprehensive in that he has incorporated most of what people think on the subject. He has defined success as Living your dream all(prenominal) day with passion, having true wealth and knowing that there is more that you need. Learning appreciation, gratitude and positively influencing the lives of others in some way. Achieving true happiness by having loved ones with whom to sh atomic number 18 it all. Bennett continues to say that success is a game of view over which one has control.Triggers for Success Napoleon Hill in Chapter 2 of his book Think and stand up Rich emphasizes on having the burning desire to win as the first step to success and that our limitations are only those set up in our minds. However the desire to win does not Just run across on its own, it is generated from somewhere. So me of the contributing factors could be hang, frustration of the status quo, need to feel important, poverty, self procession and responsibilities, Just to mention a some. In this case the position or circumstance that one is in becomes so unbearable that the only option is to seek or look for something infract.A good example would be my own case that after working in the same position for over twenty days I became frustrated and in the spirit of self development I embarked on a move around to find something more meaningful and that was to enroll for the Bachelor of Business Management & Entrepreneurship aerogramme, with a desire to scrawl my own business after completion of training. How to achieve Success The fact of life is that we have all been given the same time frame, twenty four hours a day.What separates us is how the time is managed (Mark Tannin). It is surprising to commemorate that other people spend most of their time doing favors for others, forgetting their own goals. Even though life is unpredictable, we inactive plan, set goals and take action in order to fulfill our dreams. It is therefore fair to say that our choices and decisions have made us who we are today. In order to succeed, life needs to be engaged at all levels and indecision or procrastination is merely a postponement of it (Sahara -2011).There is no one formula fits all in terms of success. This is because the nature of success and the approaches employed to achieve it differ from person to person or organization to organization, for instance how far is one willing to go? Success has to be embedded in the subconscious mind so that habits, beliefs and convictions are reinforced (Bennett, 2006). Since the subconscious mind can be programmed then it is approached with a positive mental attitude in that it becomes a tool for remounting all obstacles in your way. Mr..Them Managerial, let out and Chief Executive of FED Bank, at the inception of his banking business in the early asses lost in processing fees after his application was rejected by the Reserve Bank of Malawi. He was not deterred by the setback but forged ahead to accomplish his quest and he is now one of the few Mammalians reaping the fruits of hard work, persistence, perseverance and determination. Success is sacrifice in that we give up something of value for something else of higher perceived value and persistence can only be achieved through self discipline (Bennett, 2006).In order to be the best performer one goes through a roller coaster of mistakes and it takes a strong will for success to move on. This is echoed by Bennett when he says that mistakes make us better. Success is practice and it demands devotion and discipline. There are challenges and risks in every quest that one embarks on. This is because we leave our comfort zone in search for something better and sometimes in unknown territory. Here the famous boloney titled Who Moved My Cheese by Dry. Spencer Johnson comes to mind .The story is about two little people Hem and Haw, and two little mice Sniff and Scurry who overlap the same heap of cheese in the maze. Once the supply was depleted, the two little mice moved on in search off new heap. However Hem and Haw took a little all-night in dealing with the predicament they were in. Eventually Haw decided to do something about the situation by going into other areas of the maze in search of new cheese, but Hem was not divert by this idea and decided to stay at the same station hoping that the cheese would reappear.In the end, for Haw and the two little mice, their hard work paid off and hey enjoyed their discovery of new cheese. Changing with the time enables us to keep the dream alive. In transcending fear we let goof limiting beliefs (Sahara, 2011). Fear is retrogressive to success and it is no wonder that only a few manage to live their dream. We should therefore be conciliative and strive to approach each day with enthusiasm embracing whatever cha nges that come in our way as opportunities for growth. One way of gaining confidence is by seeking help and being mentored by experts in the field of interest.Associating with greater people makes one to develop like mind thereby moving in the flow of greatness (Bennett, 2006). Enjoying Success Every dose of happiness is precious and should therefore be closely guarded. I believe that this is now the highest level in Abraham Mascots Hierarchy of Needs model self actualization. However, encyclopedism is a life-long process, therefore changing with the time will ensure success in the long run. The desire for continuous self improvement is fuel for motivation. Learning to work steadily in a center direction is smarter than extreme hard work which may be detrimental to ones health (WhiteDove Books, 2008). Philanthropy is viewed by many a successful people such as Bill and Melinda Gates as a way of giving back to society, thus recognition and status are reinforced. What one can cons true from this discussion is that success cannot Just be assumed and it is not so simple. It requires a complete changed brainpower and bracing oneself for the tasks ahead by approaching each level with an open mind and maturity. However, everyone has the opportunity to succeed. For instance, Exxon Mobil confederacy the leader in energy has invested heavily in human resource as its backbone for success.

Discipline & Grievance Essay

Disciplinary procedures be an aid to the effective management of people, and should not be viewed primarily as a means of imposing sanctions or as leading to dismissal. Where dismissal does occur, employees may make a complaint to an c whollying tribunal if they believe they have been unfairly dismissed, although ordinarily the employee must have one(a) years service1. It is for the employer to show the reason for the dismissal and that it was a fair reason.The tribunal will posit whether the dismissal was fair or unfair and will take into account the size and administrative resources of the employer in deciding whether they acted reasonably or unreasonably. The tribunal will take account of Code of Practice the instruction given in the Acas Code of Practice on Disciplinary and scotch procedures 327kb (see Annexes A and C of the Code) and cypher how far the statutory three-step procedures have been followed.What does it mean? Check the glossary for more explanation of the term s utilize in this handbook. The Code of Practice provides guidance on good practice in disciplinary and grievance matters in employment, and includes information on the up rectify to be accompanied at a disciplinary or grievance hearing. Acas handbook Although this handbook is purely advisory it complements the Code of Practice by giving special practical advice. DisciplineSection 1 on ascertain at work starts by explaining wherefore organisations need rules and disciplinary procedures and gives an overview of how to cut across discipline. It then looks in depth at. The rest of the part on discipline gives advice on handling absence, unsatisfactory performance and particular cases such as those involving trade union representatives, sinful charges or employees in remote locations. Grievances Part 2 Grievance procedures considers why organisations need procedures and gives advice on how to handle a grievance hearing.Guidance is also given on special cases such as those to d o with bullying or harassment, discrimination and whistleblowing. In these sensitive areas some organisations may wish to develop recognise procedures. The statutory minimum grievance procedures are also summarised in Part 2 Grievance procedures. The right to be accompanied Part 3- The right to be accompanied. Checklist for the right of accompaniment has information on the right to be accompanied at disciplinary and grievance meetings. Prevention is better than cureAlthough it is important to recognize with discipline and grievance issues fairly and effectively it is more important to prevent problems arising in the low place. The first step is to understand the relationship between discipline and grievance issues and wider issues like communication, induction and training. For example, if managers and staff are in the habit of talking to each other openly abtaboo whats happening at work then specific problems like lack of training or poor motivation sens be resolved before an y disciplinary action becomes necessary.Equally, if staff are given contracts of employment when they start work including rules for absence, timekeeping and discipline, as well as details of pay, holidays etc then there will be less opportunity for ambiguity if problems arise in the future. The use of the formal disciplinary and grievance procedures should be considered a last resort rather than the first option. Many problems can be sorted out through informal dialogue between managers and staff a quiet word is often all thats needed.

My First Trip to Disney World

My first dismount to Disney World My first trip to Disney World was re totallyy great. Disney World is in Orlando, Florida which is over 900 miles away from Columbia. We drive 15 hours to sign on there notwithstanding we broke the trip up into two days. Although my grandfather and grandmother were banal when we got there, my sister Jazzy and my cousin Mychael were ready to go to Disneyworld. My grandfather took us straight to the sanctuary and checked us in. Our suite was really nice. It was big with a big TV in the vivification room and a TV in each bedroom. My grandmother equivalentd it because it had a washer and waterless by the kitchen.She washes clothes all the time. Then, my grandmother told us we would not be going to Disney World until tomorrow. They were tired from all of that driving but I was not tired at all. We went out to get groceries and more or less things my grandmother needed because we were staying for a week. While we were shopping, we ate dinner at a Perkins restaurant effective our resort. My grandparents had been to Orlando and Disney World a lot so they knew just where to go shopping. The next morning, our cousin Virgil came over and we all went to Disney World. We call our cousin Virgil Veasey.Veasey excogitates at Disney World so we did not have to pay to get in. Veasey took us to Epcot Center where I byword this huge silver ball. Veasey left us to go to work and we went into the ball. It was a impel that taught us about the history of technology. They had robots that looked like people and animals dressed up like people from the time each scene was talking about. We rode in cars like the kind on a roller coaster and a man told us about each scene when we got there. It was a great ride but it smelled like a cave and was smoky both(prenominal) of the time.After we left the ball, we went into a nice edifice where they had games and a really cool place that had sodas from all over the world. Some of the sodas were good but some were awful so I threw the awful ones away. It was hot outside so I did not deficiency to leave the soda place but my grandparents wanted to walk around the Showcase of Nations which goes around a big lake. We walked around the lake and had lunch at the American building. It looks like Independence Hall in Philadelphia but it looked bigger to me. We ate hamburgers, fries and soda.At least this soda tasted better than the ones we sampled. After we ate lunch, we rode the monorail and a take to the Magic Kingdom. There we rode a lot of rides and walked around. I liked the Small World ride and ET. That evening, we saw fireworks at Cinderellas castle. The fireworks show started with Tinkerbell flew across the sky on a rope. That was so great. After the fireworks, we went lynchpin to the resort. I was tired but excited for tomorrow. We were going to Universal Studios. But my fist time at Disney World was even better than I expected.

The Importance of Maqasid Al-Shariah in Islamic Finance – a Short Essay by Nadifa Abdulhalim Mohamed

The international University of Muslim Finance CERTIFIED ISLAMIC FINANCE PROFESSIONAL (CIFP) Part One SHARIAH ASPECTS OF seam AND FINANCE Assignment Topic The importance of Maqasid al-sharia law in Islamic Finance June 2012 Semester Lecturers Dr. Yong Bao Wang Dr. Ahcene Lahsasna schoolchild Name Nadifa Abdulhalim Mohamed Student ID 1200331 wind Maqasid Al- sharia law law is hotshot of the very definitive aspects in Islamic decree. Maqasid Al- sharia is taking a crucial do in Ijtihad in order to process a valid examination of the school text and provide inviolable meter reading to achieve the Islamic ruling.The film behind that is to compreh termination the sharia in altogether aspects. The pass rudimentary documentary of Maqasid al-Shariah is the realization of benefit to the plenty, connecting their affairs both in this world and hereafter. It publicly held that the Shariah in completely of its digresss aims at securing a benefit for the people or protect the m against corruption and evil. The aim of this paper is to elaborate the importance Maqasid al-Shariah in Islamic finance. The study found that Maqasid al-Shariah is the around alone important(p) Shariah aspect in Islamic finance because protection of wealthiness is one of the five study elements of Maqasid l-Shariah. Objectives of the look for ____________________________________________ Definition of Maqasid Al-Shariah. Identification of the importance of Maqasid Al-Shariah in Islamic finance. Classification of Maqasid Al-Shariah Key c in everys of the research 1. Quran 2. hadith 3. Maqasid Al-Shariah 4. Islamic finance 5. Islamic law 6. Fiqh 7. Usulfiqh TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC PAGE NUMBER pic 1. Abstract. 1 2. Objectives of the research.. 3. Introduction4 1. 1 History and punctuate.. 4 2. Identification of Maqasid Al-Shariah8 3. Definition of Maqasid Al-Shariah11 4. Objectives of Maqasid Al-Shariah 13 5. Classification of Maqasid Shariah.. 15 5. Essential (Al-daruriya t). 16 6. Complementary (Al-hajiyat).. 19 7. Embellishments (Al-Tahsiniyat)19 8.Maqasid Al-Shariah in Islamic Finance19 9. Advantages of Shariah compliance.. 24 10. Conclusion25 11. References. 26 1. Introduction The linguistic government issue matter of the ripe out Maqasid is as follows Maqasid is the plural of the word Maqsad and comes from the communicatory alkali qa-sa-da which has several(prenominal) meanings, close to of which be to int block, to take a middle function and to walk towards. From this floor comes the noun, Qasd which promoter a oddment, an aim, or an aspiration. The bet on part of the title is the word Shariah, which is a noun meaning a lane to a water hole, and in its more common usage, the law of God as revealed to Muhammad. Together, the bound Maqasid al-Shariah carries the meaning, base on its constituent parts, of the goals and designs which atomic number 18 the fence for the legislation of the rules of Islam or more simply, The Obj ectives of Islamic fair play The Maqasid possible action is found on an inductive reading of the Quran in order to identify the higher accusives, intent, and target of the manufacturer laws, which atomic number 18 intended to preserve military man interests in both this world and the next.This guess asserts that no masterment of God is intended to cause aggrieve for its own sake, although some actions whitethorn wait clamber and hardship. All efficacious rulings are intended to achieve balance and moderation by steering Muslims toward a middle course amid non-homogeneous types of extremes. Also it gives consideration for outcomes or consequences. He explains that part of the physical object-oriented approach is considering the outcomes of actions, in accord with the Sunnah of the Prophet who would consider outcomes and consequences before passing judgment or taking action. 1. History and background As a etymon of theShariah inits own right, themaqasiddid non rec eive much attention in the early stages of the phylogenesis of Islamic legal thought and, as such, they re turn in rather a subsequently addition to the jural legacy of themadhahib. Even to this day many a reputable textbook on Usul al-Fiqhdoes not mentionmaqasid al-Shariahin their usual cut throughage of familiar topics. This is partly due perhaps to the own(prenominal)ity of the subject, which is largely concerned with the philosophy of the law, its panorama and objective, rather than the specific formulations of its text.Although the maqasidas a distinctive theme of theShariahare obviously relevant toijtihad,they shake up not been treated as such in the stodgy expositions of the theory of ijtihad. Islamic legal thought is, broadly speaking, preoccupied with concerns over conformity to the letter of the comprehend text, and the legal theory ofUsul al-Fiqhhas advanced that pattern to a large extent. This litera enumerate orientation of the juristic thought was commonpl acely more pronounced in the approach of the tendency the traditionist theAhl al-Hadith than that of the Rationalists theAhl al-Ray.The literalists indeed tended to view theShariahas a dress of rules, commands and prohibitions that were addressed to the competent idiosyncraticmuk tout ensembleafand whole that the latter was expected to conform to its directives. The precedent of the belonging Companions indicated, on the some some an other(a)(prenominal) hand, that they saw theShariahboth as a set of rules and a value system in which the specific rules were seen as tangible manifestations of the overriding values. The textualist tradition of the graduation 3 centuries did not take much interest inmaqasid al-Shariahand it was not until the time of al-Ghazali (d. 05/1111) and therefore al-Shatibi (d. 790/1388) that significant developments were made in the formulation of the theory ofmaqasid. The basic outlook that was advocated by the theory of themaqasidwas not denied by the minceing schools, yet themaqasidremained on the fringes of the mainstream juristic thought that was manifested in the various themes and doctrines ofUsul al-Fiqh. Except for theZahiriswho maintained that themaqasidare only cognise when they are identify and declared by the clear text, the majority ofulemadid not confine themaqasidto the clear text alone.For they sensed and downstairsstood theShariahto be rational, goal-oriented and its rules generally founded on identifiable causes. A mere conformity to rules that went against the purpose and outlook of theShariahwas. , at that placefore, generally considered unacceptable. A totally different approach to themaqasid wastaken by the Batiniyyah who held, contrary to the Zahiris, that the essence and objective of thenususwere al rooms to be found, not in the explicit words of the text, barely in its hidden meaning (i. . batin),hence their name, the Batiniyyah. There were as well differences of orientation among the leading madhahibtoward themaqasidsome were more throw to it than others, but elaborateness into the goals and objectives of theShariahwas generally not encouraged. This rather unspoken attitude contrasted with the fact that the Quran itself exhibits considerable awareness of the underlying purposes and objectives of its laws and often expounds the causes and rationale on which they are founded.The general reticence of theulamain appraise of the identification of themaqasid world power have partly been due to the elements of projection and prognostication that such an exercise was wantly to involve. Who can tell, for sure, for example, that this or that is the purpose and overriding objective of the Lawgiver, without savory in a degree of speculation, unless of course, the text itself declared it so. moreover then to confine the compass of themaqasidonly to the clear declaration of the texts was in addition not enough, as I shall presently elaborate. It was not until the early fourth century that the termmaqasidwas used in. he juristic literature of Abu Abd Allah al-Tirmidhi al-Hakim (d. 320/932) and recurrent adduceences to it appeared in the naturalizes of lmam al-Harawhitethornn al-Juwayni (d. 478/1085) who was likely the offset to classify themaqasid al-Shariahinto the three categories of inseparable, complementary and desirable (daruriyyat, hajiyyat, tahsiniyyat)which has gained general acceptance ever since. Juwaynis ideas were then developed further by his pupil, Abu Hamid al-Ghazali who wrote at length on public interest (maslahah)and ratiocination (talil)in his works,Shifa al-Ghalilandal-Mustasfa.Ghazali was generally critical ofmaslahahas a proof but formalise it if it promoted themaqasid oftheShariah. Asfor themaqasidthemselves, Ghazali wrote categorically that theShariahpursued five objectives, viz. those of faith, life, intellect, lineage and situation which were to be protected as a matter of absolute precedence. A number of prominent wr iters continued to contribute to themaqasid,not all of them consistently perhaps, yet important to the development of ideas. Sayf al-Din al-Amidi (d. 31/1233) identified themaqasidas criteria of preferenceal-tarjihamong conflicting analogies and enlarge on an internal order of priorities among the various classesof maqasid. Amidi also confined the indispensablemaqasidto only five. The Maliki jurist, Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi (d. 684/1285) added a one-sixth to the existing list, namely the protection of honour (al-ird)and this was endorsed by Taj al-Din Abd al-Wahhab ibn al-Subki (d. 771/1370) and later by Muhammad ibn Ali al-Shawkani (d. 1250/1834).The list of five necessity values was evidently based on a reading of the relevant parts of the Quran and theSunnahon the prescribed penalties (hudud). The value that for all(prenominal) one of these penalties sought to vindicate and defend was consequently identified as an essential value. The latest addition (i. e. al-ird) was initia lly thought to have been covered under lineage (al-nasl,alsoal-nasab),but the proponents of this addition relied on the fact that theShariahhad enacted a separatehadd penalty for slanderous accusation (al-qadhf),which justified the addition. Izz al-Din Abd al-Salam al-Sulamis (d. 60/1262) renowned work, Qawaid al-Ahkam,was in his own characterisation a work onmaqasid al-ahkamand addressed the various aspects of themaqasidespecially in relationship toillah(effective cause) andmaslahah(publicinterest) in greater detail. Thus he wrote at the outset of his work that the greatest of all the objectives of the Quran is to facilitate benefits (masalih) and the factor that secure them and that the realisation of benefit also included the legal company of evil. Sulami added that all the obligations of theShariah(al-takalif) were predicated on securing benefits for the people in this world and the next.For God Most High is Himself in no need of benefit nor is He in need of the obedience o f His servants. He is above all this and cannot be harmed by the disobedience of transgressors, nor benefit from the obedience of the righteous. TheShariah is,in other words, concerned, from the beginning to the end, with the benefits of Gods creatures. Taqi al-Din ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728/1328) was probably the first scholar to depart from the notion of confining themaqasidto a specific number and added, to the existing list of themaqasid,such things as fulfilment of shrivel ups, preservation of the ties of kinship, honouring the rights of nes neighbour, in so far as the affairs of this world are concerned, and the love of God, sincerity, trus iirthiness, and clean-living purity, in relationship to the hereafter. Ibn Taymiyyah thusly revised the scope of themaqasidfrom a designated and specified list into an open-ended list of values, and his approach is now generally accepted by contemporary commentators, including Ahmad al-Raysuni, Yusuf al-Qardawi and others. Qardawi has further extended the list of themaqasidto include tender welfare and support (al-takaful),freedom, mankind hauteur and human fraternity, among the higher objectives andMaqasid of the Shariah.These are undoubtedly upheld by both the detailed and the general weight of evidence in the Quran and the Sunnah. 2. Identification of Maqasid As already indicated theulamahave differed in their approach to the identification of themaqasid. The first approach to be noted is the textualist approach, which confines the identification of themaqasidto the clear text, commands and prohibitions, which are the carriers of themaqasid. The maqasid,according to this view, have no separate existence outside this framework.Provided that a command is explicit and normative it conveys the objectivemaqsudof the Lawgiver in the affirmative sense. Prohibitions are indicative of themaqasidin the negative sense in that the purpose of a prohibitive injunction is to suppress and avert the evil that the text in question has contemplated. This is generally accepted, but there are certain(p) tendencies inwardly this general framework. While the Zahiris tend to confine themaqasidto the obvious text, the majority of jurists takes into consideration both the text and the underlyingillahand rationale of the text.The chief exponent of themaqasid,Shatibi, has spoken affirmatively of the need to observe and respect the explicit injunctions, but then he added that adherence to the obvious text should not be so rigid as to alienate the rationale and purpose of the text from its words and sentences. Rigidity of this class, Shatibi added, was itself contrary to the objective (maqsud)of the Lawgiver, just as would be the case with require to neglecting the clear tent itself.When the text, whether a command or a prohibition, is read in conjunction with its objective and rationale, this is a firm approach, one which bears greater consent with the intention of the Lawgiver. Shatibi elaborated that themaqasidth at are known from a encompassing reading of the text are of twain types, primary (asliyyah)and subaltern (tabiyyah). The former are the essentialmaqasidordaruriyyatwhich themukallaf essential observe and protect no matter of personal predilections, whereas the supplementarymaqasid -hajiyyat- arethose which leave the mukallaf with some flexibility and choiceA comprehensive reading of the textual injunctions of theShariahhas devoted rise to such questions as to whether the means to awajiborharam should also be seen as a part of the objective that is pursued by that injunction whether the means to a command, in other words, is also an integral part of that command. Another question raised is whether avoiding the opposite of a command is integral to the goal and objective that is sought by that command.The general response given to these questions is that the supplementary aspects of commands and prohibitions are an integral part of their objectives, although disagreements have eme rged over details. There is a general agreement that the opposite of a command amounts to a prohibition in the dismantlet where that opposite can be clearly identified. Most of the injunctions of theShariahare easily understood, and their objectives as well as their opposites can be known and ascertained from the reading of the clear text. It is thus noted that whatever might be necessary for the carrying out of a command or awajib isalso a part of thatwajib.Shatibi has similarly concluded that whatever is complementary to themaqasidand in the service thereof is also a part of themaqasid. The question then arises regarding the silence of the Lawgiver in respect of a certain conduct in spots especially where a general reading of the relevant evidence sheds twinkle on the value of that conduct. The question may be put as follows We know that themaqasidare known from clear injunctions, but can they also be known from a general reading of thenususby way of induction?This is where Shatibi has given an original response. Induction (istiqra) to Shatibi is one of the most important rules of identifying themaqasidof theShariah. There may be various textual references to a subject, none of which may be in the nature of a decisive injunction. provided their collective weight is such that it leaves little doubt as to the meaning that is obtained from them. A decisive conclusion may, in other words, be arrived at from a plurality of speculative persuadeions.Shatibi illustrates this by speculateing that nowhere in the Quran is there a specific declaration to the effect that theShariahhas been enacted for the benefit of the people. Yet this is a definitive conclusion which is drawn from the collective reading of a variety of textual proclamations. Shatibi then adds that the benefits (masalih) are to be understood in their broadest sense which is inclusive of ail benefits pertaining to this world and the hereafter, those of the man-to-man and the community, materia l, deterrent example and spiritual, and those which pertain to the present as well as the interests of the future generations.This broad meaning of benefits also includes barroom and elimination of harm. These benefits cannot always be verified and ascertained by human reason alone without the avail and guidance of divine revelation. The typical classification of themaqasidinto the three categories of essential,-complementary and desirable, and the conclusion that the Lawgiver has intended to protect these are based, once again, on induction-as there is no specific declaration on them in the textual sources.On a similar note, the ruling of theShariahthat the validity of an act of devotion (ibadah) can not be established by means ofijtihad isan inductive conclusion which is drawn from the detailed evidence on the subject, as there is no specific injunction in the sources to that effect. These conclusions are, in the meantime, of great boilers suit importance they are not open to doubt, nor is their credibility a matter of speculative reasoning.It is also the same inductive method which has led theulamato the conclusion that the protection of the five values of faith, life, intellect, property and lineage is of primary importance to theShariah there existence no textual ruling to specify any category or number of values in that order. Shatibis inductive method is not confined to the identification of objectives and values but also extends to commands and prohibitions, which may all be obtained from the clear text, or from a collective reading of a number of textual proclamations that may occur in a variety of contexts.Shatibi then goes a step further to say that the inductive conclusions and positions that are so established are the general premises and overriding objectives of theShariahand thus have a higher order of importance than specific rules. It thus becomes evident that induction is the principal method of reasoning and proof to which Shatibi reso rted in his theory of themaqasidand it is also in this regard that he has made an original contribution to this theme.Shatibis approach to induction is reminiscent of the knowledge that is acquired of the personality and character of an individual that is based on sustained association with that individual and observation of his conduct over a period of time. This kind of knowledge is broad and holistic, as it is enriched with insight, and likely to be more reliable when compared to the knowledge that might be based only on the observation of specific, isolated incidents in the daily activities of the individual concerned. 3. Definition of Maqasid al-ShariahThe term is a possessive construction, known in Arabic grammar as an Idafa, by which the meaning, The Maqasid of the Shariah is conveyed. We shall look at the first component in this construct first. The linguistic meaning of the word Maqasid is as follows Maqasid is the plural of the word Maqsad and comes from the verbal root qa -sa-da which has several meanings, some of which are to intend, to take a middle course and to walk towards. From this root comes the noun, Qasd which means a goal, an aim, or an aspiration. The second part of the title is the word Shariah, which is a noun meaning a path to a water hole, and in its more common usage, the law of God as revealed to Muhammad. Together, the term Maqasid al-Shariah carries the meaning, based on its constituent parts, of the goals and objectives which are the reason for the legislation of the rules of Islam or more simply, The Objectives of Islamic Law. Technically, many definitions have been given, specially, by contemporary scholars.Al Imam Al Shatibi who is the founder of Maqasid al-Shariah in Islamic jurisprudence did not provide a definition for this Islamic playing area. There are dickens other major definitions of Maqasid al-Shariah provided by two other scholars who came after Al Shatibi. They were behind the development of Maqasid al-Shariah in Islamic jurisprudence. These two definitions are provided by Ibn Ashur defined Maqasid al-Shariah base on two aspects 1 The general aspect which is the purpose and wisdom behind the enactment of all or most of the Shariah ruling.This definition is more related to the general objective of Shariah and those overall principles that guide the enactment of Islamic law in their totality. 2 The second definition of Maqasid al-Shariah is very specific. It is related to specific objective to those objectives that are designed to achieve specific benefits to people in their daily activities, such as the importance validation of contracts. Alal al-Fasi defined Maqasid Shariah as the end sought behind the enactment of each of the ruling of Shariah and the incomprehensible involved.This definition covers the public Maqasid (ama) and the hush-hush Maqasid (khasa). The definition focus on the end sought behind the enactment of each of the rulings of Islamic law, and the secret of these rulin gs. The secret of the Islamic rulings means the goals intended by Allah in the law. Maqasid al-Shariah aims to protect the interest of mankind and hinder the evil from them, and also realize the public benefit for the family and encourage virtues and avoid vices.Al-Raysuni (2006) relegated that al Maqasid are the purposes which the Law was established to fulfill for the benefit of humankind. Therefore the Law is not an end in itself it serves to attain an objective, a purpose which is the Maslahah (benefit). The word benefit in this context means the exercise of profit or the forbidion of harm. Ibn Ashur (2006) maintained that This (the knowledge of Maqasid al-Shariah), in fact, ensures the continuity of the rules of the Islamic Shariah throughout the ages and generations following the age of Revelation until the end of the world. It is important to notice that, even though, Maqasid al-Shariah was not known as a discipline in the early generations of Muslims, the scholars were aware of the danger of neglecting the spirit of the law and only adhesive to its literal form. The knowledge of the higher objectives of Shariah is to help preserve the essence of the Islamic law. Maqasid Al-Shariah is the objectives and the rationale of the Shariah .A comprehensive and careful examination of the Shariah rulings entails an insureing that Shariah aims at protecting and preserving public interests (Maslahah ) in all aspects of life. Many Shariah texts state clearly the reasoning behind certain Shariah rulings, suggesting that every ruling in Shariah comes with a purpose, which is to benefit the Mukallaf. In-depth intuition of the objectives of Shariah is important for analogical deduction and other human reasoning and its methodology.Indeed, Maqasid al-Shariah allows flexibility, dynamism and creativity in accessible policy, According to Imam Al-Ghazali definition The objective of the Shariah is to promote the well-being of all mankind, which lies in safeguarding t heir faith (din) , their human self (nafs), their intellect (aql), their posterity (nasl) and their wealth (mal). Whatever ensures the safeguard of these five serves public interest and is desirable. 4. Objectives of Shariah (Maqasid Al-Shariah) Maqasid al-Shariah is the objectives and the rationale of the Shariah.A comprehensive and careful examination of the Shariah rulings entails an understanding that Shariah aims at protecting and preserving public interests (maslahah) in all aspects and segments of life. Many Shariah texts state clearly the reasoning behind certain Shariah rulings, suggesting that every ruling in Shariah comes with a purpose, which is to benefit the mukallaf (accountable person), for example, when Quran prescribes Qisas (retaliation), it speaks of the rationale of it, that applying retaliation prevents further killing as Allaah says in Qoran There is life for you in Qisas Surah Baqarah Ayah No 179.Similarly when Quran prohibits vino it says that wine is the w orks of lecture as it causes quarrel and instills hatred and enmity among Muslims, Allaah said in Qoran The devil only wants to excite enmity and hatred between you in intoxicants and gambling and hinder you from remembrance of Allah and from petition, Surah Maidah Ayah No. 91. In depth comprehension of the objectives of Shariah is important for analogical deduction and other human reasoning and its methodology (Kamali, 1999). Indeed, Maqasid al-Shar ah allows flexibility, dynamism and creativity in social policy.According to Imam Al-Ghazali The objective of the Shariah is to promote the well-being of all mankind, which lies in safeguarding their faith (Din), their human self (Nafs), their intellect (Aql), their posterity (Nasl) and their wealth (mal). Whatever ensures the safeguard of these five serves public interest and is desirable. Al-Shatibi approves al-Ghazalis list and sequence, thereby indicating that they are the most preferable in terms of their harmony with the essenc e of Shariah.Generally, Shariah is predicated on benefits of the individual and that of the community, and its laws are designed so as to protect these benefits, and facilitate improvement and perfection of human lives conditions on earth. This perfection corresponds to the purposes of the Hereafter. In other words, each of the worldly purposes (preservation of faith, life, posterity, intellect and wealth) is meant to serve the single religious purpose of the Hereafter. The uppermost objectives of Shariah rest within the concept of compassion and guidance, that seeks to establish justice, eliminate prejudice and alleviate hardship.It promotes cooperation and mutual supports within the family and fellowship at large. This is manifested in the realization of maslahah (public interest) which the Islamic scholars have generally considered to be the all-pervasive value and objective of the Shariah and is to all intents and purposes synonymous with compassion. Maslahah sometimes connotes the same meaning as Maqasid and the scholars have used the two terms almost interchangeably. To further shed light on our discussion of the objectives f Shariah, especially with regard to their application in the preservation of public interest, the following section elaborates on the principles of Maslahah, serving as an important tool to uphold Shariah. 4. 1Maslahah Maslahah is one of the juristic devices that have always been used in Islamic legal theory to promote public benefit and prevent social evils or corruption. The plural of the Arabic word maslahah is Masalih which means welfare, interest or benefit. Literally, Maslahah is defined as desire the benefit and repelling harm. The words maslahah and manfaah are treated as synonyms.Manfaah (benefit or utility), however, is not technical meaning of maslahah. What Muslim jurists mean by maslahah is the seeking of benefit and the repelling of harm as directed by the Lawgiver or Shariah. 4. 2Other General Objectives of Shariah T hrough studies of the Qoran and Sunnah will reveal that apart from the above objectives of Shariah, there are several other general objectives of Shariah these objectives include 4. 2. 1Educating the Individual (Tahdhib al-fard) One of the primary objectives of the Shariah is to educate the individuals.Shariah seeks to educate the individual and inspire them with faith and instill in them the qualities of being trustworthy and righteous, Islam aims to achieve its social goals through reforming the individual All the different aspects of IBADAH involve both mental and physical training, it leads to inner(a) perfection. All punishments mentioned in the shariah was done because the main objective was not only to penalize the person as such, but it is to discipline the criminal and the whole of society to teach them and to prevent such crimes from being committed by others. This is the reason why Qoran has ordered that punishment for those ho commit some crimes must(prenominal) be exe cuted in public so as to create awareness to the society of the price reduction in committing such crime. 4. 2. 2Upholding of referee (AL-ADL) Upholding the principle of justice or ADL is some other objective of Shariah. It is to establish a balance by the way of fulfilling rights and obligations and by eliminating excess and disparity in all spheres of life. Allah has sent scriptures and messengers in order to establish jurist among people, the Qoranic message of justice is objective, and is not tainted by considering of racial, tribal, national, or religious sentiments.In dealing with friends of foes, Muslims and non-muslims, Islam orders all must be treated with justice. 5. Classification of Maqasid al-Shariah Two general categories of maqasid al-shariah were recognised the Purposes of the Allaah the lawgiver, maqasid al-shariah, and the Purposes of the human, maqasid al mukallaf. In an ideal situation the purposes of the law-giver conform to the purposes of the human. Humans do not always know what is in their best interest because of personal whims, hiwa al nafs. The good may appear bad and vice versa. Humans may see adjacent benefit while ignoring long-term harm.The Purposes of the Lawgiver are divided into two types primary and secondary. The primary purposes of the lawgiver, maqasid al-sharia ibtidaaan, are the most important and are a basis for the secondary purposes. The secondary purposes can be expound in three types the purpose of law as understanding, maqasid al-shariat li al ifhaam law as injuctions and obligations, maqasid al-shariat li al-takliif and the law as implementation, maqasid al-shariah li al-imtithaal. This classification shows that the law is not only commands but also has secondary rules that help understand and execute the commands of the primary rules.The primary purposes of Maqasid al-Shariah are divided in to three levels of priority according to its inner strength and all the Islamic legal ruling refers to realize one of the categories namely- 1) The necessities or essentials (Daruriyyat). 2) The necessarily (Hajiyyat). 3) The complementary (Tahsiniyyat). Each of the three have complements, mukammilaat. Each of these three can be divided into private and public purposes. Each of them can also be described in three categories right of Allah, haqq al-llaah rights of the human, haqq al-abd rights of the community, and rights of the state, haqq al-sultan.Wants are not mentioned at all in this scheme because they are based on hiwa al-nafs. 5. 1The Essentials (Al-Daruriyyat) The essentials are the matters on which the religion and worldly affairs of the people depend upon, their neglect will lead disruption and disorder and also evil ending and must be protected whether by the individuals, or the government authorities, the essentials can be further divided into the protection of the five fundamental values (Al-Daruriyyat Al-Khamsah).These essential five values are- ? tribute of Religion (Al-Din) ? pro tection of Life (Nafs) ? Protection of Dignity (Ird) ? Protection of Intellect/Mind (Al-Aql) ? Protection of Property (Al-Mal) 5. 1. 1Protection of Religion (AL-DIN) Al-Din is the most important value that must be protected by the Muslims, protection of al-din at a personal is achieved through the observance of the IBAADAAT, such as five praying, unfluctuatinging, honorariuming Zakah and performing hajj.Also the protection of Al-Din at wider scope involves defending Islamic faith particularly if it is attacked by the enemy of Islam. The process of protecting can be done through various means such as writings, in speeches and other practical means. If the situation demands waging of war with the enemy of Islam, then it should be done for the sake of protecting. Islam from being destroyed by others Allah S. W. T has enacted the law of JIHAD and commanded the Muslims to defend their faith. 5. 1. Protection of Life (AL-NAFS) Life is essential and valuable to everyone, and it must be p rotected in all helping and in this respect, between the life of the rich and poor, between the leader and subordinates, Muslims and non-muslims. Protecting everyones life is equally important and obligatory to each and every individual and society, the Shariah has enacted severe punishment for those who kill each other, the punishment for those who kill an innocent human being is the death penalty in Islam.In the punishment of the murderer, even though one life is killed because of the crime, this will lead to saving many more lives as the punishment will deter other from committing such crime, saving ones life is required and it should be done at the expense of other lives, but if the saving of this live might lead to losing of another life then it should be done as the principle of Shariah states a particular harm shall not be removed by inflicting another harm. . 1. 3Protection of Dignity (AL-IRD) Islam is very concerned active the dignity of a person and emphasizes the impor tance of protecting dignity. Protection of dignity includes the protection of individual rights to silence and not exposing or accusing others of misbehaviors. It means ensuring that the relationship between men and women is done in a respectful and responsible way Islam has enacted a number of guidelines in order to protect the dignity of mankindIslam prohibits its pursual committing adultery or other immoral behaviors any accusation toward a crime, a proof must be confirmed. Otherwise the punishment will be imposed for false accusations. Islam also regulates the relationship between men and women in order to protect their dignity also Islam disallows the manipulation of women or making women versed objects and commercial objects by portraying them as an attraction for purchasing such commercial products.Islam tells followers to cover their AURAH and is one of the ways to protecting their dignity. 5. 1. 4Protection of the Intellect/Mind (AL-AQL) Al-Aql or the intellect is a gre at move over from Allah S. W. T to mankind it is one of the human capacities that differ from animals. Allah has ordered protecting this gift by utilizing the listen for the benefit of all and not for any kind of evil, on the other hand Islam gives freedom to express their views, and it must conform that views with the moral and ethical values provided in the Qoran and Sunnah.Protection of the mind requires safeguarding it from anything that might harm the great power and function of the brain, this includes consumption of liquor or similar substance that will disturb the function of the brain, a punishment will be imposed for those who consume liquor. These are made in order to prevent the spread of such habits that could damage the mind and the brain. 5. 1. 5The Protection of Property (AL-MAL) Acquiring property is one of the necessities of mankind. Islam encourages its followers to acquire wealth through Halal borders.Islam has ordered that no one should transgress and acquire the property of others without a legitimate reason and without proper contract, and there will be severe punishment in the Day of Judgment against those who acquire the properties of others un logically. Acquiring the property of others illegitimately can be done through, when engaging usury (Riba), cheating in transactions, breaking the trust in matters related to property, stealing the property of others and other similar means. . 2The Complementary (Al-Hajiyyat) There are many examples of Al-Hajiyyat such as the dispensations or legal excuses (Rukhsah), travelers are allowed to combine and shorten their five obligatory prayers and also break their fast in Ramadan month. A flush person is allowed to pray in a sitting or sleeping position and break his fast in Ramadan, also the basic permissibility regarding the enjoyment of victuals and hunting also fall under this category. 5. 3The Embellishments (Al-Tahsiniyyat)The embellishments refer to interests whose realization lead to t he improvement and attainment of that which is desirable. The observance of cleanliness in personal appearance and in IBADAH, moral virtues, avoiding extravagance and measures that are designed to prevent proliferation of false claims of false claims in the courts, all these fall under this category. The disappearance of al-tahsiniyyat may not interrupt the normal life but it might lead to the pretermit of comfort in life. 6. Maqasid Al-Shariah in Islamic FinanceThe objectives of the Shariah in fiscal transactions refer to the overall goals and meaning that the Shariah aims at achieving from its rulings related to pecuniary activities and transactions. Looking deeply and constantly into several texts of the divine book and the Sunnah of visionary Mohamed (PBUH) on financial activities. It can be stated that the Shariah has discovered specific objectives in the enactment of financial laws and principles, these objectives include- 1. The Objective of Continuity of the Circulation of WealthThis objective refers of preserving the transactional nature of the financial dealing so as to enable large sectors of population to become a part of the monetary cycle of wealth and to avoid the concentration of wealth in a few hands. It is underlined in several verses and Hadiths which call for giving Zakah, the generous donation and spending for the sake of Allah and to refrain from hoarding and monopolizing the wealth. This can be strengthened by several ruling and commands including those contr true transfers of specie and other financial transactions like Mudarabah, Musharakah, Muzaraah and e. . c. this will protect the entire society against crimes and greediness of opportunities, and also surely and definitely bring successfulness and merriment to the whole society. 6. 2The Objective of Continuity of the Investment of Wealth When societies develop, also frugal activities and transactions develop. A society develops their finances to the benefit and prosperity o f their members, this is done when wealth must be invested and should be purchasable in many hands for its investment and increment.In support of this objective, there are several verses in the Qoran and Hadiths of prophet (PBUH) which address the issue of necessity and obligation of the continuity of the investment of wealth as they call upon all Muslims to earn, strive and continue to extend themselves to the corners of the earth in search of the bounty of Allaah S. W. T. 6. 3The Objective of Achieving Comprehensive communal Prosperity This objective is directed at fulfilling the basic material necessitate of all members of society by achieving personal satisfaction and social tranquility and security.The exercise of this objective will also rid society of negative social attributes such us stratification of the population into privileged and non-privileged classes. The verses and Hadith that call upon Muslims to pay Zakah and cooperate and also help each other in crinkle tran sactions, upholds all the objective of achievement of prosperity in society. 6. 4The Objective of Validation of Financial Ownership This objective aims the lawful authentication of the rights of lawful financial ownership.Numerous verses and Hadiths verify the right of lawful ownership and spending and they serve the purpose of safeguarding Islamic frugal activity. Earlier objectives of Shariah discussions was based on reading and looking deeply into verses on trade, expenditure, investment and consumption, this objective is governed by permissiveness (Halal) of such activities like sales and purchases, cooperate business undertakings, farming activities, financial activities and other pertained activities like forgiving minor uncertainties and binding contracts by witnesses. . 5Protection of the wealth in Islamic Business minutes Preservation of wealth in finance and business transactions is one of the primary Maqasids in Shariah. The verses from the Qoran and also Sunnah have ve ry strong statements indicating very clearly the importance of wealth whether for individuals or for the community and the society at large. The right to own and earn, Shariah gives the right to the Muslim community to own and earn, thus creating wealth, Muslims can acquire wealth through owning (Tamaluk) or earning (Takasub).Owning (Tamaluk) consists of possessing anything from which they can gain satisfy their inescapably, whether from their produce or their substitutes, on the other hand Earning (Takasub) consists of exerting ones self to gain its own needs whether by physical labor or by mutual consent with others. 6. 6 hydrofoil in Wealth and Finance Transparency is very objective in Shariah for business and finance, this objective seeks to rid Islamic finance from wrong and squander and to prevent disputes, arguments and grudges among the community on financial matters.Islamic law requires security in some business transactions, the main purpose of transparency is to avoid d ispute among people in daily business activities as much as possible. In this respect transparency in finance is applied, especially if it is related to the subject matter of the contract which must be known to both parties including specification, quality and quantity. Such business activities which clearly understood make the contracting parties more comfortable to conclude the deal and execute the business transactions with mutual consent and understanding. . 7Development and Investment of Wealth in Business Transactions The Shariah is very concerned about the development of economic and finance. In supporting this objective the Qoran and Sunnah urge Muslims to look at this aspect respectively. The development of wealth and investment in finance is an obligation not an option, because it contributes to the growth of wealth and protection of property of the society. Shariah considers money as a potential capital rather than a capital, meaning that money becomes capital only when i t is invested in a business.Thus the investments and development of wealth will prove the financial status of members of the society respectively. 6. 8Prevent Harm and Hardship in Wealth and Finance Maqasid al-Shariah tries to achieve command prosperity in the society as a whole, if this is achieved every member of society will be satisfied and safe, as a result from that, all harm and hardship will be either removed from the society or minimized in the finance and business transactions.It is understood that preventing harm in finance comes from putting in to practice most of the objectives of the Shariah in business finance, because those objectives are the key factors. 6. 9Ensure Justice in the Circulation of Wealth in Business Transactions Justice is a prime in human life in all aspects it is also a vital objective due to its implication in the business community and social activities as well. However justice in terms of wealth starts from earning wealth and possessing property by right, without any harm.In order to implement justice the Shariah has imposed some rules and regulations and has prohibited all elements that may lead to injustice in business such as bribery, baloney and deception, gambling, uncertainty, Riba and so on. To ensure the establishment of justice in all aspects of business and finance, meanwhile shariah encourages all types of business activities which create justice and benefits the business community and social life as well. 6. 10Objective of Individual scotch ActivitiesThe question of why to produce or why to get involved in economic activities in the first place, is that Shariah wants individuals to look after their welfare. Shatibi has used the maslahah (welfare-benefit) to describe this objective of Shariah. Human beings have been required by Shariah to seek maslahah. Economic activities of production, consumption and exchange that involve maslahah (welfare) as defined by Shariah have to be pursued as a religious duty to earn ones betterment not only in this world but in the world hereafter.Also all such activities that have maslahah for human beings are called needs. These needs have to be fulfilled. Fulfilling needs rather than satisfying wants is the objective of economic activities, and the pursuit of this objective is a religious duty. Man is, therefore, obligated to solve his economic problems. The approach that unlimited wants relative to scarce resources defines the economic problem of man may be explaining the economic behavior of a capitalistic society, but it sure fails to explain the behavior of several traditional societies of the world.The members of traditional societies do not feel motivated to increase the satisfaction of their wants with the resources available with them, because they find their needs adequately fulfilled and they do not feel get to look for the satisfaction of wants beyond their needs defined by themselves or by their environment. All development strategies thus fa il to bring development in such societies because of the lack of motivation to earn more or to expand resources at ones disposal. Islamic economic theory, on the other hand, is on more sound footing.It defines economic problem in the light of the objective that Islam assigns to human activities. The fulfillment of this objective is made a religious duty. Islam, thus, becomes a force of economic development even for such traditional societies that are not motivated by the materialistic approach, to maximize the satisfaction of wants. The economic problem of human beings is, therefore, to fulfill needs with the available resources which most of the time may turn out to be scarce relative to needs.The diversity that was pointed out in the concept of satisfying human wants is not present in the concept of fulfilling human needs. If the resource constraint is relaxed, the human needs can be fulfilled as they are objectively defined. 7. Advantages of Shariah Compliance in Islamic Finance Current literature proclaims that Islamic financial system differs significantly from conventional system, not only in the ways it functions, but above all the values which guide its whole operation and outlook.The values which are prevailed within the ambit of Shariah, are verbalised not only in the minutiae of its transactions but in the breadth of its role in realizing the Maqasid al-Shariah (objectives of Shariah). Indeed, Maqasid al-Shariah reflects the holistic view of Islam which has to be looked at as a whole not in parts as Islam is a complete and integrated code of life and its goal encompasses the whole life, individual and society in this world and the hereafter (Dusuki Abozaid, 2007).Hence, a deep understanding of Maqasid al-Shariah entails intense commitment of every individuals and organizations to justice, brotherhood and social welfare. This will inevitably lead to a society whereby every member will cooperate with each other and even compete constructively, as s uccess in life is to obtain the ultimate happiness (falah). Thus mere maximization of profits cannot, therefore, be sufficient goal of a Muslim society.Maximization of take must be accompanied by efforts directed to ensure spiritual health at the inner core of human consciousness and justice and fair play at all levels of human interaction. totally development of this kind would be in conformity with the Maqasid al-Shariah. Despite progress in the improvements and introduction of an enable Islamic capital market environment through various Shariah-compliant product innovations like sukuk, some structure which attempt to achieve the same economic outcome like conventional bond distort the Maqasid al-Shariah.This twisting stems from the restricted view of understanding Shariah, by only focusing on the legal forms of a contract rather than the substance especially when structuring a financial product. The overemphasis on form over substance lead to potential abuse of Shariah princi ples in justifying certain contracts which in fact contradictory to the Shariah text and ultimately undermining the higher objectives of Shariah. Conclusion The methodology of interpreting the Quran integrates three approaches Maqasid, contextualization, and social science research.The maqasid- oriented approach promotes a focus on the higher objectives intent, and purpose of the text. Contextualization offers insight as to the both the historical and contemporary circumstances relevant to the text, while social science research provides an understanding of the contemporary conditions and realities that enables the interpretation and application of the text to be directed towards achieving the higher objectives. The purposes of Islamic Law are not all equally evident. Some are clear to the general public, like basic ethical principles and the essential necessities of life.Others, however, require a trained jurists eye, because they are more subtle, and require deeper investigation to discern. This is where juristic reasoning really needs to be exercised. This is where the jurist qualified to engage in juristic reasoning the mujtahid comes into play, someone who can understand the sacred texts in conjunction with the broad purposes of Islamic Law and then apply this knowledge to the actual circumstances of the outside world in order to come up with an appropriate legal ruling.Our present need is all the more acute due to the paucity of understanding that Muslims have regarding what Islam wants for Muslim society and for the people the protection of their liberties, the effective management of their affairs, the cultivation of virtue among them, the prohibition of vice, the development of their resources, the advancement of their capabilities, and the instilling of the value of being a productive member of society.Todays Muslims are in need of all of these things, people who often know a lot of Islamic legal rulings but know very little about the purposes be hind them. I also propose to add economic development and change of Research and Development in technology and science to the structure ofMaqasid al-Shariah as they are crucially important in determining the standing of the ummah in the world community. Lastly Maqasid al-Shariah remains open to further sweetener which will depend, to some extent, on the priorities of every age.We should understand that Maqasid Al-Shariah is an important discipline which can play a crucial role in economics, finance and business transactions nowadays. It is time to go forward with full phase of the moon implementation of Maqasid Al-Shariah in finance, business and economic activities to achieve the shocking adjectives of the Shariah. These objectives give value to finance, banking, trade and all business transactions. We believe that the implementation of Maqasid Al-Shariah will enhance the performance of finance and trade, and establish justice in the business community and society at large.Furth ermore, the achievement of Shariah objectives in business transactions creates happiness and satisfaction, and fulfills the needs of society in terms of wealth. Islam allows all financial activities and transactions leading to the actualization to its noble objectives. Furthermore, investment is considered as an obligation upon all Muslims. This means Muslims have to make use of the wealth in their hands in order to make it grow and gain more profit and benefits. Wealth which is not invested as hoarded.Although the underlined main principles are closely linked to the main objectives of the Shariah in financial activities and transactions, one cannot deny that there are other subsidiary principles, such as prohibition of making money from money, or prohibition of Najash and certain types of sales.References 1. Dr. Ahcene Lahsasna (2011). Shariah Aspects of Business and Finance INCEIF CIFP. Part 1, January Semester, 2012 Kuala Lumpur International Centre for educational activity in I slamic Finance. . Dr. Ahcene Lahsasna (2011). Shariah Aspects of Business and Finance INCEIF CIFP. Part 1, January Semester, 2012 Online Class Lectures. Kuala Lumpur International Centre for direction in Islamic Finance. 3. Dr. Asyraf Wajdi Dusuki. Challenges of realizing Maqasid Al-Shariah in Islamic Capital Market 4. Dr. Mohammad Hashim Kamali. Maqasid Al-Shariah The objectives of Islamic law The Global University of Islamic Finance