Karl Benz and the First Practical Automobile

In 1885, a German mechanical engineer named Karl Benz designed and built the worlds first practical automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine. A year later, Benz received the first patent (DRP No. 37435)  for a gas-fueled car  on January 29, 1886. It was a three-wheeler called the Motorwagen or Benz Patent Motorcar. Benz built his first four-wheeled car in 1891. He started Benz Company and by 1900 became the worlds largest manufacturer of automobiles. He also became the first legally licensed driver in the world, when the Grand Duke of Baden granted him the distinction. Whats especially remarkable was that he was able to achieve these milestones despite coming from a relatively modest background.   Early Life and Education Benz was born in 1844 in Baden Muehlburg, Germany (now part of Karlsruhe). He was the son of a locomotive engine driver who passed away when Benz was only two years old. Despite their limited means,  his mother ensured he got a good education. Benz attended the Karlsruhe grammar school and later Karlsruhe Polytechnic University. He studied mechanical engineering at the University of Karlsruhe and graduated in 1864 when he was only 19 years old. In 1871, He founded his first company with partner August Ritter and called it the Iron Foundry and Machine Shop, a supplier of building materials.  He married Bertha Ringer in 1872 and his wife would go on to play an active role in his business, such as when he bought out his partner, who had become unreliable. Developing the Motorwagen Benz began his work on a two-stroke engine  in hopes of establishing a new source of income. He had to invent many parts of the system as he went along, including the throttle, ignition, spark plugs, carburetor, clutch, radiator, and gear shift.  He received his first patent in 1879.   In 1883, he founded Benz Company to produce industrial engines in Mannheim, Germany. He then began designing a motor carriage with a four-stroke engine based on Nicolaus Ottos patent. Benz designed his engine and the body for the three-wheel vehicle with electric ignition, differential gears, and water-cooling. In 1885, the car was first driven in Mannheim. It achieved the speed of eight miles per hour during a test drive. After receiving a patent for his gas-fueled automobile (DRP 37435), he began selling his automobile to the public in July of 1886. Parisian bicycle-maker Emile Roger added them to his line of vehicles and sold them as the first commercially-available automobile. His wife helped promote the Motorwagen by taking it on a historic 66-mile trip from Mannheim to Pforzheim to show its practicality for families. At the time, she had to purchase gasoline at pharmacies, and manually repair several malfunctions herself. For this, an annual antique auto rally called the Bertha Benz Memorial Route is now held annually in her honor. Her experience led to Benz adding gears for climbing hills and brake pads. Later Years and Retirement In 1893, there were 1,200  Benz Velos produced, making it the worlds first inexpensive, mass-produced car. It participated in the worlds first automobile race in 1894, finishing in 14th place. Benz also designed the first truck in 1895 and the first motor bus. He patented the boxer flat engine design in 1896. In 1903, Benz retired from Benz Company.  He served as a member of the supervisory board of Daimler-Benz AG from 1926 until his death. Together, Bertha and Karl had five children. Karl Benz passed away in 1929.

Discuss the relative importance of physical and human...

There are many factors that account for the changes to the vegetation over time within ecosystems in the British Isles, such as human activity, climate, soil, light availability and intensity and natural disasters. The characteristics of the vegetation that are influenced by these factors are height, distribution, variety of species, adaptations and density of the vegetation. Some of these factors have relatively little influence on the succession development, whereas others have a dramatic influence over a long period of time, such as human activity. These factors, over time, result in the progression of a succession until the climatic climax vegetation is reached. However, sometimes these factors can mean that a plagioclimax is reached,†¦show more content†¦On average, the temperate deciduous woodland should receive around 750-1500mm of rain per year. If this number is greatly exceeded, then the soil will become saturated and the area will flood, suffocating the plants as they do not have access to sufficient oxygen and carbon dioxide. On the contrary, if there is not enough rainfall then the plants will also die because they do not have access to a plentiful supply of minerals that the water contains such as nitrogen and magnesium. One type of succession that can form an ecosystem is a lithosere. A lithosere is a plant succession that begins life on a newly exposed rock surface, such as one left bare as a result of glacial retreat, tectonic uplift as in the formation of a raised beach, or volcanic eruption. The lithosere succession is initiated by pioneer plants, such as blue and green algae with colonise the sock as there are into a lot of nutrients available and they have no root systems, so they can survive in the hostile conditions. The succession then progresses due to the pioneer plants dissolving the rock, resulting in a release of nutrients. This then means that mosses, lichens and liverworts are able to thrive on that ground as the moss can absorb nutrients from rain water and they provide their own energy from photosynthesis. These plants chemically decay the rock by releasing acids, and physically decay the rock as a result of their root systems, leadingShow MoreRelatedDiscuss the Relative Importanc e of Physical and Human Factors in Accounting for Changes to Vegetation over Time Within Ecosystems in the British Isles (40 Marks)1690 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss the relative importance of physical and human factors in accounting for changes to vegetation over time within ecosystems in the British Isles (40 marks) The British Isles can be found in the Northern Hemisphere where deciduous forest is the main biome. Here physical and human factors have accounted for changes to the vegetation for many years. Human factors can include tourism, agriculture, urbanisation, interception and deforestation. Physical factors can be such things as natural disasters

Ethical Impact of Business and Organisational Research

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Impact of Business and Organisational Research. Answer: Introduction: The issue of unlawful or unofficial Internet usage while being in the workplace is something which is a major cause of concern for Employers. There are a number of issues which arises out of this kind of usage of Internet which is accessible to the employees of an Organisation. At the outset, unofficial usage of internet causes bandwidth wastage for an employer, other than this there could be Liabilities concerned with Legal affairs and there could also be threatening related to the security of the Employing organisation. It is also a huge reason of concern for most of the Employers because it surely affects the productivity of an Employee. Thus it affects the competence of Business, service to the Customers of a company. This unethical usage of Internet is termed as Cyber slacking. Cyber slacking is a huge concern for Employers these days. The unknown activity of an employee using the office internet may bring Legal issues to an Organisation. Also, there is a possibility of Company information which may be its trade secret, to be lost and the nature of confidentiality of the information may cause business damage to the Company if it reaches its competitors (Oswalt, 2010). Effect on Security of a Company: It is essential for an Employee of a Company to remember that the responsibility of an Employee is to protect the confidentiality of its Employers information. Otherwise, a competitor Company may damage its business in a permanent manner. So, while in advantage of having full access to internet and Bandwidth of the Employer Company, an Employee should always try to protect the security of its Employer. No amount of legal restriction may be sufficient to restrict an employee to not to breech its companys security laws. It has to be the ethical sense which must come into play, Similarly, it is the duty of a Companys IT Managers to try to protect the security of their Employer by means of technical, ethical and last but not the least Legal ways. One of the Technical methods is to keep Email filtering system into place so that Virus attacks could be prohibited and Company information which is confidential in nature could be well protected. It is important for IT Managers of a Company to train its employees on the ethical importance of maintaining the confidentiality of information that are important to the Company. The Veterans Data theft incident which took place in US in the year 2006 is an enormous example of the disorder this kind of incident may create. An Employee of the Veterans Affairs in US took his office laptop to his home. The Laptop contained valuable information including Social security numbers of 26.5 million veterans. The Laptop was stolen from the employees home and the entire unencrypted data was lost (Yerby, 2013). Effect on Productivity of an Employee: Prof Michael Oldenkamp, Department of Sociology, California State University, Los Angeles in his article on Cyber Slacking in the Workplace observes that during the period of Recession when Companies want more efficient hard work and productivity from its employees, the employees and his fellow workers in the University are keeping busy with their Social Networking sites like Facebook and Myspace. Cyber slacking is one of the biggest reasons for which Companies lose Dollars mounting to Millions every year. Studies show that Social Networking and visit to Pornography sites during an average workday causes approximately 40% of loss of productivity in US. Shopping sites are another obsession for employees nowadays. A survey conducted in US show that a collection of employees from three companies in USA lost 350 numbers of working days of 8 hour duration due to internet surfing. Therefore, the responsibility to keep Productivity intact at workplace lies with an Employee as well as with the IT Managers and Employer. The IT Managers have to keep a strict vigil so that the employees of the company spent least possible time surfing websites which are not of Official use to them. They should communicate firmly and very clearly about the restrictions and principle of the company to all its employees. Employees also on their turn should stick to the rules of the company in this regard to keep productivity at the satisfactory level (Tiwary, 2011). Misusing the Company Resources: While accessing Internet in office for personal usage, an Employee causes many a loss to the resources of a Company. Bandwidth of valuable amount is wasted due to this unethical use of internet. Moreover, traffic in Internet network gets exponentially heavy due to this. Chatting or instant messaging is another reason behind this increasing problem. A great amount of time and productivity is lost due to these factors and Company Resources are misused uncontrollably. According to Prof Steven Mintz, Professor of Accounting in the Orfalea College of Business at the California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo, CA, Loyalty is a very important thing in this respect. He states that loyalty of an employee is of two types mainly. The first type is the loyalty to ones own supervisor and the second type is the loyalty to the fellow colleagues, to the Employer and to the shareholders of the Company. So, out of loyalty, one employee should always refrain from activities which may harm the Company, the Employer and its shareholders. It lies within his responsibility to report any anomaly in this regard by any of his fellow colleagues to the management. So that the Company may remain safe and protected from any possible harm the misuse may cause to it. Also, it is necessary for the employee to make himself clear from any liability occurred by the acts of misuse by any of his colleague (Moussa, 2015). Liability of the Employer: The health of a business is subjected to more damage caused due to passing of contents which are inappropriate in nature than a threat caused by the security. There are a number of areas where liability of the employer may occur. Due to misuse of internet by its employees a company may have to borne the liability of Copyright infringement; it may lose important and confidential information to its competitors. In certain cases it may have to borne the liability of harassment of its employees also. The case of Chevron Corporation could be sited as an example of Company liability caused by its employee. The company had to pay a hefty sum of money to its women employees in the year 1995 to settle a lawsuit filed against them by the employees of the company regarding an incident of sexual harassment. Some of the employees of the company had sent obscene jokes to its woman employees. Inappropriate acts done by the employees of a company make it liable to legal actions. So, the IT Mangers of a company have to remain very cautious and alert to avert any such situation. Counseling and proper training of employees are the best possible solutions to keep a control on unwanted situations. Employee Internet use, and their use of social media in the workplace, is one of the top concerns being raised by our clients today, said According to Mr John Stoler who is the co-chair, Labour and Employment Practice of the Company Sheppard Mullin Richter and Hampton LLP said that the use of internet by Employees, the use and access of Social media by employees in their workplace is one of the growing concerns reported by the clients of the Organisation. There might be several other incidents like gambling via internet while at office, there might be accessing of pornographic elements being at office or other things which are considered as criminal activities. According to Mr Mark Neuberger of Foley and Lardner LLP, all these activities may cause liability to a company (Oswalt, 2010). Creating Legal and Ethical awareness among Employees: The role of an IT Manager of a company is to have a clear idea about legal and ethical angles of usage of Internet in the workplace. It is their responsibility to spread awareness among the employees of the Company so that they become able to draw a line between official usage and personal usage of internet while at job. Rather than enforcing legal bindings on an employee, an employer should try to create awareness in him so that he refrains from unethical activities. According to the study by Mr Johnathan Yerby, Lecturer, Middle Georgia State Colleges School of Information Technology, an employee should be very clear from the beginning that a Computer which is given to him for office work is not a private property and it is bound to be monitored by the management all the time (Lindorff, 2010). Conclusion: According to the study by Mr Johnathan Yerby, Lecturer, Middle Georgia State Colleges School of Information Technology, an Organisation needs to keep a watchful eye on its employees. Activity of each and every employee must be monitored by an Organisation to keep an environment of safety and security. IT Managers of a company has to train each of every employee to make them aware of their internet usage during office hours. They should be thoroughly educated on the possibilities of disciplinary actions in case of failing to maintain Company policy. IT Managers should be sincerely aware of the issues that may arise from Cyber slacking in workplace. So, it is their duty to take the employees at their side by means of proper training and technology, so that the work environment of the Company remains at its best level. References: Lindorff, M., 2010. The Ethical Impact of Business and Organisational Research: the Forgotten Methodological Issue?; www.ejbrm.com/issue/download.html?idArticle=168. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 05(01), pp.21-28. Moussa, M., 2015. Monitoring Employee Behavior Through the Use of Technology and Issues of Employee Privacy in America; https://sgo.sagepub.com/content/5/2/2158244015580168. Sage. Oswalt, B., 2010. Cyberslacking Legal and Ethical Issues Facing It Managers; https://iacis.org/iis/2003/OswaltElliott-Howard.pdf. In CYBERSLACKING. Southern Arkansas. pp.646-52. Tiwary, D.K., 2011. Security And Ethical Issues In It: An Organizations Perspective; https://www.ijecbs.com/July2011/45.pdf. International Journal of Enterprise Computing and Business Systems , 01(02), pp.1-13. Yerby, J., 2013. Legal and ethical issues of employee monitoring; https://www.iiakm.org/ojakm/articles/2013/volume1_2/OJAKM_Volume1_2pp44-55.pdf. Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management, 01(02), pp.44-55.

Cost and Benefits of Project Management Project Dealing

Question: Describe about the Cost and Benefits of Project Management for Project Dealing. Answer: Introduction Engineering projects mainly deal construction and design of different mechanical, electrical, civil, electronics, ICT and other systems that are generally planned in a certain way to meet some specific sets of objectives. These objectives are mainly set in order to benefit some organizations or communities in different aspects like business, development, utilities and others. The administration of activities in the correct order with the assistance of appropriate devices and procedures is generally termed as project management (Schwalbe 2015). Project Management is fundamental for all associations for advancement or adjustments of business or engineering systems and different perspectives. While projects are planned or arranged, the primary point is constantly some adjustment in the existing system or a few alterations in the current association structure. Dealing with these tasks in the correct bearing is an imperative stride towards making the project an effective project for any e ngineering or business associations. In this research report, the results of the research based on the factors requiring close attention in the engineering project management have been published. Related Work, Background, Significance Related Works Alotaibi, Sutrisna and Chong (2016) said that the most critical part of an engineering project management is strategy of the parent organization. They said the entire project remains on the current hierarchical system and the target of the project is to additionally adjust or upgrade the authoritative technique to build up more control over the market. For this reason, the project is initially arranged with an arrangement of deliverables that should be met over the span of the project. After that, the project program is executed alongside portfolio administration. As it were, the hierarchical system is the establishment stone for the project to appear. This is valid, without an authoritative system, no project can be arranged and appeared. The whole project points of reference depend on the techniques of the association. In addition, the project developments to a great extent influence the current authoritative procedure. Nevertheless, in some cases, this is not valid in all cases. S ome of the time, the activities are not generally absolutely subject to authoritative procedures (Brle?i? Val?i?, Dimitri? and Dalsaso 2016). A few activities might be led for inner advancement that does not influence the general business technique of the association. Once more, there are different tasks that depend on development of a little or medium measured organization that is not identified with hierarchical strategies for success. Subsequently, "whole project relies on upon authoritative methodology" is a deceptive term. In his works, Ismaeel (2015) said that project program is the most imperative part of the business extend as it straightforwardly influences the hierarchical techniques and additionally the project manager. His purpose of contention is that the current hierarchical methodology chooses the start of the project. Nevertheless, the project program decides the future authoritative methodologies identified with the business and trade. For example, the association focuses on a particular change in system, subsequently, they choose to execute a project for the change. In any case, the result from the project program is distinctive. On the off chance that it is not gainful, it is totally disposed of. Then again, in the event that it is much more helpful than the first arrangement, then the authoritative procedure will change further to support the advantages that have been picked up from the project program (Rusare and Jay 2015). This is very valid in its own particular right the hierarchica l system decides the project program and the project program re-decides the future authoritative procedure. Nonetheless, there are imperfections in this announcement also. The last authoritative procedure does not just rely on upon the project program; it relies on upon the general project yield. The turning points of the project are accomplished by the general exercises of the project and that includes extend arranging, portfolio and project program. Thus, despite the fact that the announcement is consistent with very some expand, some of the time it is deluding. Lapina and Sluka (2015) in their works said that the portfolio administration is the most essential piece of an engineering project administration as it includes administration of assets and the working group by the project chief. Distinctive project supervisors have diverse goes up against activities and thus, there must be some reasonable principles and rules that ought to be taken after while dealing with the project. In addition, asset administration is a basic piece of project. Absence of assets will stop the project at a specific time while excessively numerous costs of assets will bring about decrease of money saving advantage proportion that will be picked up from the project result. Henceforth, dealing with the project unquestionably is important. Notwithstanding, this announcement is additionally not generally genuine. Controlling the exercises of project chief is not generally a smart thought. The project supervisor may have a few thoughts that can really profit the genera l project (Kerzner 2013). Once more, while executing the project, the director might have the capacity to distinguish certain dangers or blames inside the project that were not noticeable at first. Thus, without controlling the project supervisor exercises and depending altogether on portfolio administration, a few obligations ought to be given to him that he should oversee alone. Background Engineering projects mainly deal construction and design of different mechanical, electrical, civil, electronics, ICT and other systems that are generally planned in a certain way to meet some specific sets of objectives (Kerzner 2013). These objectives are mainly set in order to benefit some organizations or communities in different aspects like business, development, utilities and others. Excluding the community benefits and utilities, the other engineering projects are executed in a cost effective way i.e. the organization that performs the project expects the newly designed system to provide high levels of profits. The administration of activities in the correct order with the assistance of appropriate devices and procedures is generally termed as project management. Project Management is fundamental for all associations for advancement or adjustments of business or engineering systems and different perspectives. While projects are planned or arranged, the primary point is constantly some adjustment in the existing system or a few alterations in the current association structure (Schwalbe 2015). Dealing with these tasks in the correct bearing is an imperative stride towards making the project an effective project for any engineering or business associations. An effective project management framework comprises of various tools that will be discussed later. The final result of any engineering project must have a significant cost benefit proportion. Authoritative systems are constantly in light of expanding the resultant cost benefit proportion of any engineering system and consequently, analysis of the cost benefit aspect of an engineering project is necessary. However, there are some additional factors that are to be considered while doing cost benefit analysis (Rusare and Jay 2015). Some researchers emphasized on the fact that the cost benefit ratio should be considered on the long term basis rather than instantaneous effect. Hence, in any engineering project, the plan is prepared keeping in mind the long term effects of the project and the possible cost benefit that can be gained by the organization in the coming years. Significance This research is based on the project management for engineers. The main target of this research is to analysis engineering project management in order to find some weaknesses, loopholes and obsolete methods that are still present in the current system. As the engineering field is quite large, the main part of engineering project management that has been used as the subject of the research is cost and benefits of the engineering projects. However, the research is far more significant than the limits of the field chosen to analyze on. The research has been conducted by analyzing even minute aspects of engineering projects and their relationships with the business of an organization. Moreover, the objectives of the engineering projects and their expected benefits have been analyzed in order to evaluate the actual outcomes of the project. Furthermore, the costs and cost benefits that have been experienced by the organizations have also been researched in order to find more details of th e cost benefits of the engineering projects. In order to find these required data and information, the actual engineering designs, technical aspects, their effects on the business system of the organizations have all been analyzed on a broad scale and the works of reputed researchers have been used as references for the research. Research Method, Design, Proposed Statistical Analysis Research Method Different researchers prefer different methods for conducting their research activities. Some common research methods are as follow. Data Mining Some researchers prefer the more direct and easier way to reach the conclusions of the research. For this, the researchers analyze the works of their predecessors and identify some well-proven data present in their works. They then apply them in real life case studies to find their significances and applicability in order to reach the conclusions of their research. Experimental Evaluation Some researchers chose the longer way for their own research activities. Instead of direct data mining, they formulate their own theories by years of study and experimentation. These experiments are mainly based on the application of their own hypotheses on different real life mini or demo projects. Although this research method is long and time consuming, the outcomes of the research are more accurate as errors are removed by the iterative process of application of the researchers own hypotheses. In this particular research, the data mining methodology has been followed due to the limitations of academic environment. For the research, some of the journals published by reputed project managers have been studied. Moreover, the works of the researchers who based their works on the engineering project management have also been studied to learn the basic concepts and proven theories of project management. Design Various researchers prefer their own designs of research methodology. The most common designs of research are descriptive and explanatory. Descriptive design is mainly based on gaining the details of the events happening in the project for describing the effects and reasons of the events. On the other hand, explanatory design is based on formulation of several hypothesis for explaining the occurrence of certain events. In this research, descriptive design of methodology has been followed. For the research, the engineering project events have been analyzed and certain theories have been developed to explain the events. The events that have been put under the focus of the research are the weaknesses, loopholes and obsolete systems that are still being used in the engineering projects. Proposed Statistical Analysis The research is to be arranged with analysis deliverables that should be met throughout the project. After that, the project program is executed alongside portfolio administration. As such, the hierarchical technique is the establishment stone for the project to emerge. The whole project points of reference depend on the techniques of the association. In addition, the project points of reference to a great extent influence the current authoritative procedure. In any case, at times, this is not valid in all cases. Once more, the association focuses on a particular change in procedure, henceforth, the organizations choose to execute a project for the change. The result from the project program is distinctive. In the event that it is not valuable, it is totally disposed of. Then again, on the off chance that it is significantly more useful than the first arrangement, then the hierarchical procedure will change further to manage the advantages that have been picked up from the project pr ogram. This is very valid in its own privilege the hierarchical methodology decides the project program and the project program re-decides the future authoritative technique. Finally, different project managers have diverse approaches against activities and thus, there must be some appropriate norms and rules that ought to be taken after while dealing with the project. These factors are suggested to be analyzed for mining the statistics that are required for the analysis and research. Methodology and Results: Sample, Sampling, Data Collection, and Data Analysis Sample For the research purposes, samples are required for study and analysis. For this particular research, some real life case studies related to the engineering projects have been collected from various dependable sources that helped in development of the research conclusions and the verification of certain proposals. The main samples that were collected for the research were cost and benefits of project management for engineering projects. Collection of these samples helped in the analysis of data that were required to complete the research. Reaching certain conclusions set during the proposal were also possible due to proper selection of the data samples. Sampling Technique For collection of samples, a suitable sampling technique is needed so that the most suitable samples are collected. The field of research was project management. However, there are infinite number of samples for project management and hence, research of the overall subject was not possible within the academic environment. Hence, the subject of the research was narrowed down to cost and benefit of project management for engineering projects. For this reason, during sampling, the works and journals that were specifically based on these topics were selected. Moreover, unverified sources were excluded from the samples and only those with reliable sources and reputed authors were selected. Data Collection Data collection is an important of a research procedure. In this process, all the data that are related to the research are collected and filtered to identify the data and information that are specifically helpful for the research. Data collection is of two types qualitative and quantitative. In the qualitative data collection, works of very reputed researchers are collected during the literature review of the research. High quality literature is collected in this phase that are already experimentally verified. These data and information help in the preparation of the project plan and development of the theories that are targeted to prove or otherwise as the ultimate outcome of the research. In quantitative data collection, a large amount of data is to be collected for verifying and cross-verifying certain propositions. Large amount of data is required because in some cases, few amounts of data is not sufficient for proving certain propositions. In this research, data has been collected from the works of the previous project managers that have been proven and verified by the international standards. These works acted as the sources of high quality literature that were useful for the preparation of the project proposition. Again, data from different sources like real life case studies were also collected for the quantitative analysis of the research proposition. Data Analysis This research has been conducted to understand more about the problems that are existing with engineering project management systems. These problems are continuously present in the project management but have not been mitigated until now. Some of these problems that are specifically targeted towards the cost and benefits of the organizations are as follows. IT Infrastructure As technology develops more and more, the need of upgrades for the existing systems in the organizations arises. This is mainly because the organization needs to be more competitive and advanced in the modern technical era. However, in the engineering projects, the need of the IT infrastructure is far more important. This is because, the engineering subjects are under constant research and new developments are coming out every day. Moreover, with the development of the new systems, new project techniques are developed that are conducted using certain softwares and other computerized processes. For these, development of IT infrastructure is necessary. However, it has been seen that most of the engineering organizations still lack proper IT infrastructure. Technical Knowledge From the data, it has been seen that the most engineering organizations conduct projects in spite of the fact that most of their employees lack sufficient technical knowledge. The research suggests that these employees have performed excellently during their academic careers but failed to perform sufficiently during the projects. The most suitable reason that has been found is that these employees (engineers) based their studies on the theoretical evaluation only and do not have sufficient exposure to the practical activities of the project. Again, some other engineers have found their way through their academic careers and into the organizations using unfair means. As a result, in spite of having sufficient number of employees in their project teams, the organizations could not earn significant cost benefits from the projects. Scope Rift From the data gathered in the research, it has also been seen that many of the engineering projects fail due to deviation or rift from the project scope. During the initial phase of the project, a certain project plan is prepared by estimating necessary resources and final project outcome. However, due to the developments and other factors during the project, certain changes are proposed and made and as a result, the scope of the project deviates from the original scope. Mainly, the scope is adjusted for the temporary benefit of the organizations but actually harms the company in the long run. Budget Budget is another important factor due to which many engineering projects stop immaturely. This mainly happens when unrealistic targets are set or the final end product of the project are not known before the initiation of the project. Due to this, in spite of having huge funding, if the project deliverables are not met, the company faces huge amounts of losses as well as no cost benefit is gained. Conclusion In this report, the main unsolved issues in the engineering project management have analyzed. This research has been conducted to understand more about the problems that are existing with engineering project management systems. These problems are continuously present in the project management but have not been mitigated until now. In this particular research, the data mining methodology has been followed due to the limitations of academic environment. For the research, some of the journals published by reputed project managers have been studied. Moreover, the works of the researchers who based their works on the engineering project management have also been studied to learn the basic concepts and proven theories of project management. In this research, data has been collected from the works of the previous project managers that have been proven and verified by the international standards. These works acted as the sources of high quality literature that were useful for the preparation of the project proposition. Again, data from different sources like real life case studies were also collected for the quantitative analysis of the research proposition. This research has been quite successful as most of the common issues persisting in the engineering project management have been identified. References Alotaibi, N.O., Sutrisna, M. and Chong, H.Y., 2016. Guidelines of Using Project Management Tools and Techniques to Mitigate Factors Causing Delays in Public Construction Projects in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management,6(2), p.90. Bennett, J.M. and Ho, D.S., 2014. Human resource management. InPROJECT MANAGEMENT FOR ENGINEERS(pp. 231-249). Binder, J., 2016.Global project management: communication, collaboration and management across borders. CRC Press. Boud, D., Cohen, R. and Sampson, J. eds., 2014.Peer learning in higher education: Learning from and with each other. Routledge. Bozarth, C.B. and Handfield, R.B., 2016.Introduction to operations and supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Brle?i? Val?i?, S., Dimitri?, M. and Dalsaso, M., 2016. Effective Project Management Tools for Modern Organizational Structures.Pomorski zbornik,51(1), pp.131-145. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Crawford, J.K., 2014.Project management maturity model. CRC Press. Fitzsimmons, J. and Fitzsimmons, M., 2013.Service management: Operations, strategy, information technology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Gido, J. and Clements, J.P., 2014.Successful project management. Nelson Education. Grefen, P., Pernici, B. and Snchez, G. eds., 2012.Database support for workflow management: the WIDE project(Vol. 491). Springer Science Business Media. Heagney, J., 2012.Fundamentals of project management. AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Ismaeel, W.S., 2015. Assessing and Developing the Application of LEED Green Building Rating System as a Sustainable Project Management and Market Tool in the Italian Context. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Lapina, G. and Sluka, I., 2015. PROJECT LAB AS A LEARNING TOOL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PROJECT MANAGEMENT COMPETENCES AT UNIVERSITY.Journal of Business Management, (10). Leach, L.P., 2014.Critical chain project management. Artech House. Marchewka, J.T., 2014.Information technology project management. John Wiley Sons. Rusare, M. and Jay, C.I., 2015. The project implementation profile: A tool for enhancing management of NGO projects.Progress in Development Studies,15(3), pp.240-252. Schumann, C.A., Gerischer, H., Tittmann, C., Orth, H., Xiao, F., Schwarz, B. and Schumann, M.A., 2014. Development of International Educational Systems by Competence Networking based on Project Management.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,119, pp.192-201. Schwalbe, K., 2015.Information technology project management. Cengage Learning. Turner, R., 2016.Gower handbook of project management. Routledge. Verzuh, E., 2015.The fast forward MBA in project management. John Wiley Sons. Walker, A., 2015.Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons.

A critical reading of the western, referring to Jim Kitses Notes on the Western

A critical reading of the western, referring to Jim Kitses Notes on the Western By 1960, the production of Westerns in Hollywood had entered a decline from which it never recovered. Although for a time in the mid sixties the supply was augmented from an unexpected source, as the Italians found new ways to inject life into a dying genre. This was witnessed in the "spaghetti" westerns of Sergio Leone such as The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly(1968), but this proved to be a short lived phenomenon, and by the seventies, Hollywood was struggling to produce a bare score of westerns per year. In the eighties, with production declining still, the death of the genre was produced on all sides. By the nineties, the western girded itself for one last stand, witnessed in the frontier western of Dances With Wolves(1991) and the revenge western Unforgiven(1995), which director Clint Eastwood attempted by sheer effort to get the genre back on its feet. However the predicted full scale revival failed to materialise.English: A Japanese poster for Akira Kurosawa's Se...We can specula te on the reasons for this decline. Edward Buscombe, who has written profusely on the western, believes the decline of the studio system resulted in the decline of the staple Western form, the B film, during the 1950s. More recently he goes on to say, the change in production patterns means now catering for the changing demographics of the cinema audience, the majority of whom are now too young for a genre that always venerated age. The younger audience is attracted to other genres- horror, science fiction- that offer many traditional satisfactions of the western without the dated historical baggage that now seems increasingly irrelevant in the 21st century. The changing attitudes of society, especially in terms of sexuality and ethnic difference, have left the classic Western marooned in its nineteenth century values.The death of the Western genre mirrors the...

Offensive and Otherwise Inappropriate German Words

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Although Germans sometimes borrow  the English f-word, the German version is rarely used in swearing. German terms roughly equal to American bullsh or British bollocks include:   der BockmistScheiß redenScheiße!Quatsch mit Soße Donnerwetter!  Darn it! Zum Donnerwetter!  , it depends on the tone of your voice and how it is said. As an interjection of acknowledgment, it is more like My word! You dont say. die Drecksau/der Dreckskerl  filthy swine, bastard die Hà ¶lle  hell   Ã‚  Ã‚  Fahr zur Hà ¶lle!   Go to hell!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Zur Hà ¶lle mit...   To hell with...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sie machte ihm das Leben zur Hà ¶lle.   She made his life a living hell. NOTE: Avoid anglicisms like  was in der Hà ¶lle!  Most English hell expressions are Teufel expressions in German. Der Mist  is a mild German word meaning dung, manure, or rubbish/nonsense. However, when used in some compound words (der Mistkerl,  das Miststà ¼ck), it is no longer fit for polite society! der Mistkerl  bastard, dirty swinedas Miststà ¼ck  bastard (m.), bitch (f.) verdammt  damned, bloody Verdammt!   Damn!/DammitVerdammt noch mal!   Damn it all!/Damn it to hell!/Bloody hell! (Br.)Verdammter Mist!   Goddamn it!/Sod it! (Br.) verflucht!  damn! Verflucht noch mal!   For chrissake!/Goddamn it! der Scheiß  /  die Scheiße Variations of this German word [literally, sh, crap, damn, bloody (Br.)] are so ubiquitous as to warrant an entire section of its own.  It is important to know that the German and English versions of the s-word are not always equal. The English subtitles of German movies often mistranslate the German expletive  Scheiße!  Its use in German is frequently closer to English Damn! or Dammit! To say This town really sucks, you could say:  Diese Stadt ist echt Scheiße.  Although it sometimes isnt as strong a curse word as English Sh! that doesnt mean you should casually use  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Scheiße!  in German. An expression such as  Dieses Scheißauto!  could mean This f-ing car! or This damned car! - depending on how it is said and by whom.   Scheiß-  prefix  lousy, shty, bloody (Br.), crappy, damned (thing).  This prefix, like its cousin above, often should be translated as damned (thing), or something more mild than you might think. For instance, when a German says  So ein Scheißwetter!, it only means that the weather is really bad: Such awful weather! By the same token,  Diese Scheißpolitiker!  means These damned politicians! (a universal complaint).   scheißegal  adj.  of no damned importanceDas ist mir  (doch)  scheißegal!  I dont (really) give a damn/f-/sh (about that)!scheißen  to sh, crapDu scheißt mich an!  Youre sh-in me!/Youre a pain in the ass!Ich scheiß drauf!  I dont give a damn/f-/sh (about that)!der Scheißkerl  bastard, son-of-a-bitch, motherf-er Obscene Hand Gestures While we dont include inappropriate gestures in this glossary, you should know that some hand signs or gestures are universal, but others are not. In some parts of the world, the American OK sign (finger and thumb forming an O) is an insult having to do with a body orifice. If a German taps his/her forehead with the index finger in someones direction, that is a bad thing (meaning the other person is an idiot), and punishable by a fine if a policeman sees it or someone files charges. Sexual Terms and Body Parts Many of the terms in this glossary relate to human sexuality. Some of them have a double meaning that you should be aware of. If you refer to an animals tail in German (der Schwanz), thats OK, but you should also know that the same term is a crude way of referring to the male sex organ. The German verb  blasen  can have many of the same multiple meanings that blow has in English. But if you want to enjoy a good German erotic novel, youll find some of that vocabulary here as well. blasen  Ã‚  to blow (fellatio) jemandem einen blasen   to go down on s.o., do fallatioSie hat ihm einen geblasen.   She gave him a... ficken  Ã‚  to fk, have sex (vulgar),  mit jemandem ficken   to fk s.o. NOTE:  The German forms of  ficken  are used only in a sexual sense. Most English fs: Fk him!   Der kann mich doch am Arsch lecken!; This f-ing car!   Dieses Scheißauto!; We were just f-ing with you.   Wir haben dich nur verarscht.; Fk off!   Verpiss dich! geil  horny.  This word (along with  supergeil) has become slang for cool or great in German.  Das ist ja geil!   Thats really cool! die Eier  (pl.)  balls, nuts (lit.  eggs) einhandsegeln  (teen slang)  to jerk off, wank, spank the monkey einparken  (teen slang)  to have sex, get laid, bang die Kiste  boobs, tits; (big) buttDie hat ne große Kiste.   Shes got big tits.Note: In some regions, this can mean a big butt rather than boobs. knallen  to bang, screw der Knutschfleck  (-en)  hickie, love bite The Bottom Line der Arsch   ass, arse; butt.am Arsch der Welt in the middle of nowhere, in a Godforsaken holeam/im Arsch sein to be screwed upDas geht mir am Arsch vorbei! I dont give a sh (about that)!in den Arsch gehen to get screwed upDu kannst mich! (am Arsch lecken) You can kiss my ass!Leck mich am Arsch! Kiss my ass!/F- off!Setz deinen Arsch in Bewegung! Get your ass in gear!er Arschkriecher/der Arschlecker (-)  ass-kisser, brown-nosedas Arschloch  a-holeder Po  bottom, behind, butt kommen  to come, have an orgasm der/das Kondom  condom.  Also known by many slang terms:  Gummi,  Pariser, etc. die Mà ¶pse  (pl.)  tits, boobs pissen  to piss, pee.   sich verpissen   to piss off, f- off der Sack  (Scke)  bag, sac, sack; scrotum, balls (testicles); bastard, bugger, sod ein fauler Sack  a lazy bum, lazy bastard/bugger (degree of harshness depends on circumstances/tone of voice)eine faule Socke  a lazy bum (less harsh than fauler Sack) die Sau  sow, bitch, bastard.  alte Landsau  stupid old bitch, dumb bastard (lit., old country sow).  Also see Schwein below!  In German, words related to the pig (sow, swine) fill in for English terms of illegitimacy (bastard, son-of-a..., etc.).   Sau-  prefix  bloody, damn, lousydie Sauarbeit  damned/bloody/lousy workdas Sauwetter  damned/bloody/lousy weather die Scham  shame; private parts, genitals, vulva (fem.) das Schamhaar  pubic hair scharf  hot, horny, sexually aroused Ich bin scharf auf ihn.  I have the hots for him. die Scheide  Ã‚  vagina.  The  Rammstein  song lyric bis der Tod der Scheide is a play on this word and the phrase bis der Tod euch scheidet (till death you do part) in their song Du hast. See  full lyrics. der Schwanz, die  Schwnze, das  Schwnzchen (diminutive)  tail, slang for penis das Schwein  pig, bastard, son of a bitch, swine.  This is one of the worst words in German! NEVER use it (or its compounds) unless you know what youre doing, and probably not even then! Ironically,  Schwein haben  means to be lucky:  Wir haben Schwein gehabt.   We were lucky. (We came out smelling like a rose.) Schweine:  So eine Schweinerei!  How disgusting!/What a dirty trick! der Strich  prostitution; red-light district.  auf den Strich gehen  to be a prostitute, ply her / his wares der Teufel  devil Zum Teufel!   Dammit!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wer zum Teufel hat das gemacht?   Who the hell did that?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Der Teufel soll mich holen, wenn...   Ill be damned if...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Geh zum Teufel!   Go to hell!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hol dich der Teufel!   Go to hell!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Scher dich zum Teufel!   Go to hell!  Ã‚  Ã‚  Der Teufel wird los sein.   The sts gonna hit the fan. All hells gonna break lose. ​die Unaussprechlichen  (pl.)  ones unmentionables (humorous) die Zuckerstange  (slang)  penis (candy cane) German Slang Terms for Masturbation Lest you think that German has an abnormally large number of terms for masturbation,  let me point out that English does as well. sich abzapfenaus dem Handgelenk schà ¼ttelnden Fleischtopf rà ¼hrenden Schimmel schà ¼ttelnden Trumpf in die Hand nehmendie Hnde in den Schoß legendie Ladung là ¶schen, entsaftendie HandmassageHuptling Schnelle Vorhauthobelnkrumme Finger machenOld Schà ¼ttelhandsein eigenes Sà ¼ppchen kochenselbst ist der Mannsich einen runterholensich einen von der Palme schà ¼ttelnsich entschleimensich Luft machenTaschenbillarddas ÃÅ"bel an der Wurzel packenwichsen Derogatory Terms for  Other People  (Xenophobia,  der Auslnderhass) Like English and other languages, German  has many derogatory and insulting terms for groups of people most of which, not surprisingly, should be avoided at all times.  Some Germans, Austrians, and Swiss, particularly members of right-wing (rechtsextreme), neo-Nazi, or other hate groups, express their dislike of foreigners and other enemy categories (leftists, women, gays) with derogatory German slang terms. Because of their inflammatory nature, we have included only a few terms here, but others are easy enough to find elsewhere online. Of interest, the simple German phrase Im proud to be a German â€Å"Ich bin stolz, ein Deutscher zu sein.† is considered a typical German right-wing slogan.  While in many countries, such a statement is considered normal and patriotic, in Germany it has overtones going back to the Nazi era.   Other phrases associated with right-wing extremist groups include the following: der Hitlergruß: Nazi salute (Hitler salute).  A right-wing symbol of neo-Nazi groups such as the skinheads in Germany. Any display of Nazi symbols, the swastika, Nazi flags, or Nazi-related regalia is against the law in Germany.Unarische  non-AryansUndeutsche  un-GermansRotfaschisten  red fascistsZecken  ticks, blood-suckersRechte  (Rightists)Faschos  fascistsGlatzen  skinheads (baldies)Neonazis  neo-NazisRechtsextremisten  extreme right-wingersSkinheads  skinheadsUnrechtssystem  unjustice systemUnterrassen  sub-racesweißer Spiesser  WASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant) More Insults Subkulturen  (Subcultures, e.g., Punks, Goths, etc.)Dekadente  decadentsAsseln/Assis/Asoziale  asocialsVertreter der Wirtschaft  (Business People)Kapital- und Politbonzen  capitalistic and political fat-catsLinke  (Leftists)der Piefke  (PEEF-kah)  Kraut, Heini, Jerry (German person).  Austrians use this word as a disparaging term for a German, somewhat like the Mexican use of gringo for an American. Even in Germany, a  Piefke  is a pompous idiot, so it is not a word to be used lightly.  Ein kleiner Piefke  is a little pipsqueak. Bodily Functions der Pups  fartfurzen  to fart, cut onepupsen  to cut one, fartdie Kacke  caca, crap, sh. Example:  dann ist aber die Kacke am Dampfen.  | Then the sh will really hit the fan.die Flitzerkacke  (teen slang)  the shs, diarrhea (der Durchfall)kacken  to crap, poop, sh

How Everyman presents the idea about Religion and Hypocrisy Essay

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The Lands of Bolivar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Lands of Bolivar - Essay Example The Latin American governments including Columbia have been strongly pressured by the U.S to enhance their drug management efforts. Strained diplomatic ties resulted in the process. This paper examines the role of the United States in the drug issues that are facing Columbia. It also looks at the militarization of the drug control efforts that have been put in effect by the United States and the effects that such programs are likely to have on Columbia. During the reign of Reagan in the United states administration, the war against drugs gained it momentum. Political pressure for drug eradication was mounting in Columbia. Decriminalization and the legalization movements were marginalized by a tough approach to the war on drugs. It became apparent that this war will be militarized. The speech that was delivered by Reagan in 1982 focused on drug prohibition and eradication. In addition to that, the major of the United States war on drugs as put into practice in Columbia included eradication projects through crop substitution strategies and the prohibition of the trafficking routes. It is worth noting that though much of the efforts were militarized, the objectives in Columbia were believed to be counter narcotics. The prospect of maintaining this distinction was critical in upholding the support of public wary of a possible involvement of the U.S in a counter revolution that could ‘Vietnamize’ the overall state of affairs in Columbia. The effectiveness of the US in this situation can attributed to the fact that there was a reduction in the amount of drugs entering the United States and a subsequent growth of a drug-free economy. With better economic opportunities at stake, the farmers in Columbia could grow nutritious food crops rather than the drugs. Additionally, with drug elimination the country has a lot to offer which includes

Middle Range Nursing Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Middle Range Nursing Theory - Essay Example Patients that have terminal illness may feel distress or pain in any or all of these domains and that the desire for comfort should be evaluated and attended to on all areas, instead of simply focusing on the long-standing practice of managing physical pain. The purpose of this paper is to discuss Kolcaba’s comfort theory, particularly its history, principles, and concepts, and application to specific nursing practice. A Brief Description of Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory At the advent of the twentieth century, the concept of ‘comfort’ was applied in a broad way, and it was greatly appreciated in nursing. Furthermore, the capability to give comfort demonstrated the personality and skill of nurses. During this period, nurses thought that giving comfort was their sole responsibility. Comfort was mainly essential because therapeutic medical procedures were still absent (Kolcaba, 2003). Improving the comfort of patients was viewed as a proactive nursing objective tha t also was encouraging, and, in almost all instances, should involve progress from an earlier condition. Comfort arose from environmental, emotional, physical, and psychological interventions, but directives for special comfort procedures were under the doctor’s discretion. ... The value of family comfort started to surface during this period and families were regarded valid beneficiaries of comfort therapies. Nurses encouraged self-care in patients if at all possible. Comfort became the top priority of nurses only when their patients have terminal illness. Moreover, where nursing contexts were less affected by technology, like long-term care and nursing homes, comfort was more essential as a purpose of nursing (Fawcett & DeSanto-Madeya, 2012). Smith and Liehr (2008) argued that such pattern had wide-ranging repercussions for nursing in the twenty-first century, because of an increasingly aging population. More and more elders desire comfort in the remaining days of their lives. Frances Kolcaba describes comfort in nursing as â€Å"the satisfaction (actively, passively, or co-operatively) of the basic human needs for ‘relief’-- a condition wherein a patient’s special needs were met--, ‘ease’-- a condition of total peace and serenity-- or ‘transcendence’-- a condition wherein an individual overcomes pain and difficulties-- arising from health care situations that are stressful† (McEwen & Wills, 2007, 256). Kolcaba’s comfort theory takes place within a context made up of ‘three states of being’ and ‘four contexts’ wherein comfort for the ill can exist in (McEwen & Wills, 2007, 256). The three interconnected states of being wherein a patient is supported are relief, ease, and transcendence. The environmental, social, psychospiritual, and physical are the four contexts wherein comfort for patients takes place. The psychospiritual domain is where life’s purpose and meaning reside (McEwen & Wills, 2007, 256). Comfort theory is rooted in the idea that all human beings respond in a

Effects of Low Health Literacy

Effects of Low Health Literacy Imogen Parker This assignment will discuss health literacy, its various influences and the effect of low health literacy levels on individuals and communities. The various methods and strategies that have been devised to alleviate low health literacy will also be examined. Since the World Health Organisation’s Alma Ata Declaration (WHO 1978), primary health care strategies and methods of effective communication have been established to promote health and improve health literacy. This essay will draw on examples of primary health care strategies employed in Australian communities and various methods for improving health literacy that can be actioned by health professionals and the wider health system. The concept of health literacy can be defined as the capacity of individuals to understand, access and apply health related information and services to maintain physical, mental and social wellbeing (WHO, 2009). Health literacy is essential in allowing individuals the ability to comprehend their own wellness or illness, make informed health decisions and seek appropriate and timely care through this comprehension. In 2012, 59% of Australians aged 15-74 years had inadequate levels of health literacy (AIWH 2012). Individuals’ health can be negatively affected in numerous ways and to different degrees by low health literacy levels. For example, individuals with poor literacy comprehension may be unable to complete personal detail or consent forms that are necessary for consultation or treatment by health care professionals. This may lead to the individual abandoning their attempt to access health care due to the embarrassment surrounding poor literacy skills, or for fear of being met with unhelpful condescension by health care professionals. Additionally, individuals with low literacy may be unable to comprehend essential information in mediums such as pamphlets, prescriptions or medication instructions. This lack of comprehension could have dire consequences for the individual; they may choose to take no medication, or incorrectly administer their medication which could result in harmful side effects. These consequences indicate a failure on the part of the health system or the health care provider, as they have either failed to clarify understanding during consultation with patients or have communicated or presented information in a way that is inaccessible for individuals with low literacy levels. Health literacy not only concerns individual health behaviour and lifestyle decisions, but requires an understanding of the wider societal influences on health. Social determinants of health such as income and employment, education and social exclusion (among a myriad of other factors) can affect an individual’s capacity to be health literate and health literacy itself is one of these determinants. (WHO 2009) Lower socioeconomic status has been historically attributed to lower literacy levels, which in turn affects the ability to be health literate. The social gradient is a prominent determinant of health; the lower the individual sits on the social class ladder often correlates with poorer health outcomes. (WHO 2003) It is evident that social, educational and economic inequalities contribute to the commodification of health care; something that the privileged can access and the disadvantaged may struggle to access and utilise. The effect of low health literacy in conjunction with socio-economic background can be observed through examining health status among the population of Australia. Chronic illnesses with high prevalence such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory disease and cancer can be influenced by risk factors such as obesity and tobacco smoking. (Department of Health 2012) Such risk factors can be inextricably linked to the aforementioned illnesses and may also indic ate the socio-economic status and health literacy level of the individuals who are affected. For example, an individual who was unemployed or had little income may be more likely to consume processed food as it is dramatically less expensive and less labour intensive to prepare than fresh, more nutritious ingredients. Inexpensive, processed food is often high in fat and low in nutrition, but can be purchased inexpensively and often in large quantities; making it an economical option. However affordable, regular consumption of these products can lead to individuals becoming over weight and potentially obese, which in turn can lead to subsequent conditions such as Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It is evident that societal and economic structures can influence health status profoundly and present barriers to good health that are fundamentally difficult for individuals to overcome (WHO 2003). The role of the healthcare system, health professionals and greater society must be examined and modified if health literacy is to be ameliorated. â€Å"If achieving health literacy is to be a goal, some rediscovery of the importance of health education needs to occur, together with a significant widening of the content and methods used† (Nutbeam 2006). The Primary Health Care approach aims to minimize health inequality between social classes and encourage good health for everyone. Primary health care ‘reflects and evolves from the economic conditions and sociocultural and political characteristics of the country and its communities’ (WHO 1978). Accordingly, health care providers must facilitate patients’ understanding and ability to self-manage their health by presenting health information that is accessible for individuals of all literacy levels. In direct communication with patients or clients, health professionals can employ the teach-back method to ensure comprehension by the patient. This provides an opportunity for questions to be asked and clarification to be achieved, thus promoting health literacy (Egbert Nanna 2009). The application of primary health care has been demonstrated as essential in addressing low health literacy and poor health status in Indigenous communities throughout Australia. One stra tegy for improving health literacy from a young age is the Family Planning Association of Western Australia (FPWA) Mooditj program: a community based sexual health education program for Indigenous youth in remote and rural areas. The program aims to educate individuals in early adolescence on sexual health and related issues. Mooditj uses informal discussion techniques to encourage participation and openness, and culturally relevant art and role playing activities to address sensitive topics concerning sexual and emotional health. The cultural and social relevance of the program was determined effectively through recognition of the various social determinants and cultural influences occurring throughout the community it served. The development involved extensive consultation with members of the community, parents and Aboriginal Elders regarding relevant health issues, effective methods of information delivery and ensuring that local language and customs were incorporated. Indigenous community members can be trained to deliver the Mooditj course and the sharing of information and experience between Mooditj facilitators and participants is encouraged in order to strengthen the integrity and scope of the program. The Pika Wiya Health Service in Port Augusta, SA provides the chronic disease self-management course, Life Improvements for Everyone (LIFE) to improve health literacy and health status in Indigenous communities. The LIFE program is peer-led and community focused, aiming to bridge health inequalities between the indigenous population and the wider Australian population. The program utilises individual care plans for clients with chronic illnesses (such as diabetes and heart disease) that are culturally appropriate and specific to their personal capabilities, health circumstances and goals. Both Mooditj and LIFE are consistent with the primary health care approach as the programs have been tailored to suit the health needs of the community with respect for culture and social circumstances. Furthermore, such programs can facilitate increased community capacity and engagement in health education, contributing to improving levels of health literacy. The essence of successful health education programs is empowerment; where individuals have greater control and confidence in their ability to manage their own health. Health education that is accessible to all literacy levels, is culturally reflective and developed with consideration of the social determinants of health has great potential to reduce the prevalence of preventable chronic illnesses in both the Indigenous community and the wider Australian population. Efforts to improve health literacy and encourage a healthy population must be holistic in nature and motivated by empowerment and equality across all areas of society. Effective promotion of health literacy among the individuals and communities which the health profession serves will need to reflect on the social determinants of health and how they are interconnected with health literacy and health status. References Australians for Native Title and Reconciliation 2007, Success Stories in Indigenous Health, pp.28-29, September 2007, viewed 1/4/15. https://antar.org.au/sites/default/files/successstories.pdf> Australian Government Department of Health 2011, Discussion of the four key health issues, National Women’s Health Policy, viewed 1/4/15. http://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/womens-health-policy-toc~womens-health-policy-key~womens-health-policy-key-literacy> Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 2012, Australia’s Health 2012, Australias health no. 13., Canberra, 2012, viewed 1/4/15. http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737422172> Department of Health and Families 2009, Revision of the Preventable Chronic disease strategy, Background Paper: Preventable Chronic diseases in Aboriginal Populations, Northern Territory, April 2009, viewed 1/4/15. http://health.nt.gov.au/library/scripts/objectifyMedia.aspx?file=pdf/47/68.pdf> Egbert, N., Nanna, K. 2009, ‘Health Literacy: Challenges and Strategies’, The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, vol. 14, no.3. Family Planning Association of Western Australia2004, The Mooditj manual: a sexual health and life skills program for Aboriginal youth, FPWA, Northbridge, W.A. Nutbeam, D. 2006, ‘Health literacy as a public health goal: a challenge for contemporary health education and communication strategies into the 21st century’, Health Promotion International, vol. 15, no.3, pp.259-267. Sexual and Reproductive Health, WA 2015, Mooditj Leader Training, viewed 1/4/15.  http://www.srhwa.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Mooditj-Leader-Training-2015.pdf> Strobel, NA., Ward, J. 2012, Education programs for Indigenous Australians about sexually transmitted infections and bloodborne viruses, Resource sheet no. 12 for the Closing the Gap Clearinghouse, Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies. World Health Organisation 1978, Declaration of Alma Ata, International Conference on Primary Health Care,Alma-Ata, USSR,12th of September 1978. World Health Organisation 2003, The Solid Facts, Social Determinants of Health, viewed 1/4/15. http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/98438/e81384.pdf> World Health Organisation 2009, Track 2: Health literacy and health behaviour, viewed 1/4/15.  http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/7gchp/track2/en/>

Fate in A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay -- french revolut

Charles Dickens captures the aura of the French Revolution so poetically it is almost as if he was there. Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities is a thrilling novel originally printed in the newspaper, explaining the cliffhangers at the end of many a chapter. One of the elements that makes the story so thrilling is his incorporation of the theme of fate. Dickens incorporates innumerable symbols to enforce this theme. The echoing footsteps, the storm, and the water are all symbols that reflect the theme of fate by demonstrating the inevitability of your fate. The echoing footsteps written in the novel are meant to inspire the idea of all of the people that are going to come into the characters’ lives. Dickens’ character Lucie Manette is listening to a storm with her friends when she says, â€Å"I have made the echoes out to be the echoes of all the footsteps that are coming by-and-by into our lives† (Dickens 78). This quote indicates that Lucie has some premonition of people who will enter her life. While Lucie may think she has some idea of what and who are coming into her life, she has no idea what direction fate will take her. She does not know if she will meet good people or bad people, and all she can do is wait and be patient. Patience is a virtue when it comes to fate, because fate plays out on its own. Further into the conversation Charles Darnay asks of Lucie, â€Å"Are all these footsteps destined to come to all of us, Miss Manette, or are we to divide them among us?† (78). Mr. Darnay, like all humans , is curious about his fate. Humans are extremely curious about their future, otherwise fortune-tellers would not be in business. The reason for this is most likely a mix between people’s curiosity and their obsession with control. People hav... ... brings up the idea that one cannot change their fate through his symbols, and his inclusion of water as a symbol reinforces this notion. The theme of fate is represented by the echoing footsteps, the storm, and the water with the idea that one cannot stop their fate from proceeding. Dickens uses many symbols throughout A Tale of Two Cities that aid in the promotion of the theme of fate. These three symbols demonstrate the idea that one’s fate is unchangeable and there is a reason for that. The symbols used in this book to expose the theme of fate indicate that Dickens believes that fate is powerful force not to be messed with. Dickens relays the theme of fate being unchangeable in an effective and exciting way that captivates readers and makes A Tale of Two Cities a marvelous read. Works Cited Dickens, Charles. A Tale of Two Cities. N.p.: Dover, 1999. Print.

Angels in America Essay Essay

Tony Kushner’s play, Angels In America, explores the trials of the journey of human life through the development of his characters throughout the play. When Rabbi Chemelwitz says â€Å"Great Voyages is this world do not any more exist. † (Millennium 16) he speaks only the partial truth. It is true that none of the characters at the funeral can make the same kind of trip Sarah Ironson made, the pilgrimage from her home to a foreign land across the Atlantic. However, the voyage to America Sarah took and the various struggles the characters face have many parallels. Instead of the physical trials of Sarah’s great voyage, they are faced with equally as difficult emotional problems that cause them to make certain choices in the great voyage of their lives. Every character faces some psychological journey throughout the play that takes them to new places emotionally, physically, and spiritually. The best example of all three of these journeys is Prior’s development through the play. Prior’s great voyage is the most obvious and widely explained of any of the characters in the play. We first meet Prior at what he knows is a turning point in his life: telling Louis he has AIDS. He says â€Å"K. S. baby. Lesion number one. † (27) telling Louis he is going to die. This is clearly an immensely difficult decision or Prior because he then goes on to say how afraid he is that Louis will leave him. This is the first real step in Prior’s â€Å"great voyage. † Everything else that happens to Prior is a result of this one act. The most immediate and drastic change brought about by this decision is that Louis confirms Prior’s fears and leaves him. After Louis leaves, Prior is thrown into a deep state of depression. His emotional struggle at this point is a perfect parallel for the initial hardships suffered by immigrants immediately after they leave home. In both cases, their lives are drastically changed by some decision which leads to some form of hardship. For the immigrant, it is the physical hardship of adjusting to life at sea and the emotional hardship of losing their home. For Prior, it is the physical hardship of his own body betraying him due to his AIDS and the emotional shock of needing to live without having Louis as a part of his life. The point where we truly see Prior’s voyage is in Perestroika when he climbs the ladder to heaven. The voyage to heaven and back is Prior’s physical great voyage in the play. Everything else has lead up to this culmination of his journey. Prior: But still. Still. Bless me anyway. I want more life. I can’t help myself. I do. I’ve lived through such terrible times, and there are people who live through much worse, but†¦ You see them living anyway. When they’re more spirit than body, more sores than skin, when they’re burned and in agony, when flies lay eggs in the corners of the eyes f their children, they live. (Perestroika 267) When Prior says this, it shows that even though he recognizes that his life is awful, and life in general can be awful, he wants to go on living. While it may seem contradictory, it ends up working out for him in the end when he and Louis make up in the epilogue, or final chapter of Prior’s great voyage. Prior manages to reverse all of the bad about him, except for the AIDS, and even that he is able to beat with his wish for more life. Harper’s great voyage is also another voyage in which the character taking it changes completely. She starts the play as a hopeless drug addled housewife, unable to even truly take care of herself. This is shown in her introduction to the play. She is portrayed as a semi-mad woman who talks to her hallucinations more than actual people. Harper even realizes this is wrong when she says â€Å"Weird stuff happens†¦ like you, for instance. † (Millennium 23) She realizes something is clearly wrong yet does nothing about it. As the play progresses though, she gains more confidence in herself and eventually confronts Joe about his homosexuality. She comes out and directly asks him, â€Å"Are you a homo? † (43) after her hallucination with Prior. This is a huge step for her because she has always had her suspicions about Joe but has never confronted him about it before. Now however, she begins to change. She gains confidence and winds up leaving Joe. It is at this point when she takes a journey with Mr. Lies to try to get away from her life in New York. Unfortunately, the hallucinations are only a temporary distraction as first, Joe finds his way into them and second, she eventually comes back to her senses and is arrested for burning a tree in Central Park. Finally, at the end of her great voyage, she gains enough self-confidence and assurance to make a physical voyage all the way out to San Francisco. A third character who goes on a great voyage through the play is Louis. He originally starts out unable to deal with the reality of Prior having AIDS so he leaves him. However, although he left Prior, he feels truly guilty and awful about it so tries to cover it up. He first tries to bury it by not focusing on it. This is shown by his entire speech at Belize. He doesn’t really want to talk about politics and racism in America, it is his way of coping with the soul-eating guilt that is killing him. He later tries to bury it through sex, â€Å"Keep going. Infect me. I don’t care. I don’t care. †(63) He says this to a random stranger indicating that he feels so guilty, he would rather catch AIDS and die than live with his guilt. He doesn’t stop after this though. He says â€Å"I have to find a way to save myself. † (85) indicating that although Prior is the one with AIDS, he is still only worried about himself. Finally, he continues his downward spiral with Joe. He says â€Å"Let’s stop talking. Or if you have to talk, talk dirty. † This show that he is really not worried in the slightest about Prior at this point and is still only worried about himself. Eventually though, he start to miss Prior, shown when he tells Joe â€Å"I just†¦ need to see him again. † He has the realization that he has greatly wronged Prior and goes back to try and make amends. However, Prior refuses to take him back and although they are no longer lovers, he and Prior are at least back to friends in the epilogue. Louis’ great voyage is an emotional roller coaster in which he eventually does the right thing and makes up with Prior. All of these characters go through great voyages over the course of the play. They change emotionally, physically and psychologically due to them. While Rabbi Chemelwitz may have been technically right when he said they could not go on a great voyage because they are already in America, he is speaking the literal truth. However, the play does not truly bear this out as every character undergoes some fundamental change after going through what can only be described as a great voyage.

The Definitive Guide to the Xiggi Method for SAT Prep

The Definitive Guide to the Xiggi Method for SAT Prep SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The Xiggi Method was written by a popular member of the forum CollegeConfidential. After scoring well on the SAT, he wrote 10 pages of his top tips for SAT prep. The value in the Xiggi Method, however, is not just in reading the guide, but in understanding how to put it into action in your own study plan. As he notes himself, "there are no earth-shattering secrets...it's mostly based on common sense." Therefore, to get the most out of the Xiggi Method, you need to understand critical ways that it may not apply to you and know how to move forward to guide your own SAT prep. Read on for our detailed guide to the Xiggi Method and how to use it. If you don't already have the Xiggi Method document, click here to download it. Note that all these points work equally well for the ACT. Instead of the Official SAT Study Guide mentioned below, you'll need to buy The Real ACT. The 7 Major Points of the Xiggi Method Let's start with the key points from this SAT study guide: Why prep for the SAT? Because the SAT is unlike anything you've ever taken in school. The questions are different, and the skills tested are different from what you've learned. Brilliant students can do poorly on the SAT, and weak students can do extremely well on the SAT. Therefore, familiarizing yourself with the test will dramatically raise your score - if you study the right way. When taking full-length practice tests, use only official tests published by the College Board. No other company publishes tests as realistic as the College Board. Take your first practice tests without a time limit. Spend 30 minutes taking a section, then spend 30 minutes reviewing your answers. Review both correct and incorrect answers - try hard to understand every question in detail! Most other books not published by the College Board aren't very good. They give "strategies" that seem like they'll help on the test, but actually aren't very effective. They're mostly helpful for people scoring in the lower ranges who don't have a good grasp of the underlying content. Vocab studying isn't as important as it used to be. Don't memorize giant lists of thousands of words - your time is better spent elsewhere, like in getting better at passage questions. If you want to study vocab, study it over a long period of time so that the words stick in your memory. Most nationwide test prep chains like Princeton Review and Kaplan are way more expensive than they're worth. At $800-1600, you'll sit in a class with an inexperienced instructor who's just rehashing the $30 book you can buy on Amazon. When you've learned more of the underlying content and understand the SAT in more detail, then you can schedule timed,full-length exams to get familiar with the endurance and energy needed for the 4-hour test. You'll need to face timing pressureto know how the real test will feel. In his SAT guide, Xiggi goes into more detail in each of these points. His main points are sound advice, and we agree with them on a high level. However, there are a few critical ways that the Xiggi Method may not work well for you... 5 Warnings about the Xiggi Method and You (Important) If You're Not Motivated The Xiggi Method is most applicable for highly motivated students driving for a top score. If you find it hard to motivate yourself to study, you will benefit from having more structure in your prep. You may need someone else to remind you to study and to hold you accountable, or a study program that gives you clear step by step instructions on what to do. If You Find it Hard to Learn From Your Mistakes If you find it hard to learn from your mistakes, you'll need someone who can teach you. The most important part of SAT prep is understanding where you're going wrong and how to avoid those mistakes in the future. If an answer explanation on a page often doesn't help you understand your mistakes, you need to find a person who can guide you. Do NOT "Buy As Many Books As You Can" Even though Xiggi suggests it, you should NOT buy 'as many books as you can.' In fact, this will waste a lot of time and money as you spread yourself too thin. Focus on the Official SAT Study Guide published by the College Board, and one or two supplemental books that teach you underlying content and strategies. When I was studying for the SAT, I used three main books: The Official SAT Study Guide, Barron's SAT, and another book of practice questions. I went through all of them and scored a 2400. It was my quality of studying, not the number of books, that earned my full score. Look out soon for our comprehensive guide to the best SAT/ACT books. You Need to Schedule Enough Time to Study You need to schedule time to study. There's no way around it. The SAT is so expansive and covers so many types of questions that to get familiar with all of them, you need to encounter them over and over again. We recommend that you study at least 40 hours to have the best chance of raising your score. If You're on a Tight Budget The method relies on buying books, which can amount to $100 or more. If this is out of your budget, here are two methods to find those books so you can study. 1) Visit your local library or school library and see if they have the books. Check them out and work on paper so you can return the books. 2) Visit your local bookstore, which is very likely to have the books mentioned in this article. You can sit in the bookstore and work from the books without buying it (just don't spill coffee or make marks in the book!) What To Do Next: Following the main points of the Xiggi Method is a great way to get your feet wet in SAT prep. Here's a step by step guide on what to do: Buy the Official SAT Study Guide by the College Board, if you haven't already. Take Test 1, section by section, without a timer. After each section, review all your answers, even the questions you got right. Aim for equal times taking the test and reviewing: about 30 minutes for each section, and 30 minutes reviewing. Reflect on your progress. Were you able to finish Step 2 within one or two weeks? If not, you likely need more motivation to put in enough study time. Were you able to understand every single answer choice, correct and incorrect? If not, you'll need clear answer explanations, or a tutor who can guide you through your mistakes. Adapt your study plan according to your reflection. Keep reading to learn even more SAT prep strategies. Read More: Month-by-Month; A one-year study schedule for serious extended SAT study. What is a good score on the SAT? Start Improving Your SAT Score Today:

Quotes From Great Writers About the Month of April

Quotes From Great Writers About the Month of April April is a month of transition. It arrives when winter has just ended and spring is beginning, symbolizing a period of rebirth. With this roundup of quotes about April, learn how writers from William Shakespeare to Mark Twain viewed this key month of the year. The Nature of April Many poets and writers have focused on the natural beauty present in April- birds singing, rainbows, and the first flowers of spring. A gush of bird-song, a patter of dew, A cloud, and a rainbows warning, Suddenly sunshine and perfect blue- An April day in the morning.  - Harriet Prescott Spofford, April Again the blackbirds sings; the streams / Wake, laughing, from their winter dreams, / And tremble in the April showers / The tassels of the maple flowers.  - John Greenleaf Whittier, The Singer April comes like an idiot, babbling and stewing flowers.  - Edna St. Vincent Millay Now the noisy winds are still; / Aprils coming up the hill! / All the spring is in her train, / Led by shining ranks of rain; / Pit, pat, patter, clatter, / Sudden sun and clatter patter! . . . / All things ready with a will, / Aprils coming up the hill!  - Mary Mapes Dodge, Now the Noisy Winds Are Still Sweet April showers / Do spring May flowers.  - Thomas Tusser When April winds / Grew soft, the maple burst into a flush / Of scarlet flowers. / The tulip tree, high up, / Opened, in airs of June, her multitude / Of golden chalices to humming birds / And silken-wingd insects of the sky.  - William Cullen Bryant, The Fountain A Month of Symbolism For many writers, April symbolizes youth, newness, and promise. However, for some poets (such as T.S. Eliot), April also stirs up memories and prompts reminiscences of the past. April... hath put a spirit of youth in everything.  - William Shakespeare April is the cruelest month, breeding / Lilacs out of the dead land, mixing / Memory and desire, stirring / Dull roots with spring rain.  - T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land April is a promise that May is bound to keep.  - Hal Borland April prepares her green traffic light and the world thinks Go.  - Christopher Morley, John Mistletoe April Showers as Tears   Some poets and writers have described April rains as tears, symbolizing the passing of time and the changing of the seasons. Every tear is answered by a blossom, / Every sigh with songs and laughter blent, / April-blooms upon the breezes toss them. / April knows her own, and is content.- Susan Coolidge (Sarah Chauncey Woolsey), April For April sobs while these are so glad / April weeps while these are so gay,- / Weeps like a tired child who had, / Playing with flowers, lost its way.- Helen Hunt Jackson, Verses- April Old April wanes, and her last dewy morn / Her death-bed steeps in tears; to hail the May / New blooming blossoms neath the sun are born, / And all poor Aprils charms are swept away.  - John Clare, The Last of April Sweet Aprils tears, Dead on the hem of May.  - Alexander Smith, A Life Drama A Period of Joy and Promise For many poets and writers, April symbolizes renewal and rebirth. Our spring has come at last with the soft laughter of April suns and shadow of April showers.  - Byron Caldwell Smith Sweet April-time- O cruel April-time! / Year after year returning, with a brow / Of promise, and red lips with longing paled, / And backward-hidden hands that clutch the joys / Of vanished springs, like flowers.  - Mrs. Craik (Dinah Maria Mulock), April The April winds are magical, / And thrill our tuneful frames; / The garden-walks are passional / To bachelors and dames.  - Ralph Waldo Emerson, April The children with the streamlets sing, / When April stops at last her weeping; / And every happy growing thing / Laughs like a babe just roused from sleeping.  - Lucy Larcom, The Sister Months April 1. This is the day upon which we are reminded of what we are on the other three hundred and sixty-four.The first of April is the day we remember what we are the other 364 days of the year.  - Mark Twain The sun was warm but the wind was chill. / You know how it is with an April day. / When the sun is out and the wind is still, / Youre one month on in the middle of May. - Robert Frost, Two Tramps in Mud Time

Television and Effect on Children Research Paper

Television and Effect on Children - Research Paper Example Constant television viewing by children comes with physical, mental, and emotional ramifications that have been proven to have lasting effects on children if ongoing television viewing is not put to an end. The consequences will be revealed throughout this paper, as well as ways to prevent the consequences from taking place. Physical Ramifications Obesity has become one of the greatest health concerns among children in this day and age, and it has been directly connected to children spending more time in front of the television than outside being active. A massive lack of physical exercise and the need to be eating while watching television has caused children to weigh more now than they have in previous years. The longer that these two activities exist together, the more, and the quicker, that a child’s health is capable of failing. Television is not what it used to be. When the television was first introduced in homes, there were only a handful of television stations and a s imilar number of television shows, most of which were news channels. Nowadays, there are over one hundred easily accessed television channels and almost four times the amount of television shows, many of which are directed at the younger audiences (Liebert et al, 1988) and are usually available roughly around the time that most children are released from school. The television studios know exactly what they are doing when they air certain shows at certain time. As such, children have found it possible to sit in front of the television and watch show after show without even a hint of a break at times that are most convenient for them: when they are most likely to be at home. This ability to be constantly watching television has caused an increase in the amount of time that children spend in front of the television and, similarly, a decrease in the amount of time spent engaging in physical activities, such as sports or simply running around with their friends. This also causes childre n to begin to associate television with good activities and exercise as more of a chore. It is common for people to want to eat while they watch television and movies, and when children sit in front of the television as often as they do, they enjoy many unhealthy snacks and meals while enjoying their television shows. This holds especially true when they come home from school; they crave both something to eat and something to allow themselves to unwind after a long day of school. Excessive eating and a lack of physical activity can cause children to gain great amounts of weight over short amounts of time. The diets of children is another area of concern; most children are not being fed the proper types of food, so they often go for the greasy, fatty snacks while they are watching television. Again, after school snacks often consist of unhealthy snacks in large quantities. Even if their meals throughout the day are healthy, constant snacking of fattening foods can only build up in th e bodies of these children, and if they are not exercising, they are not getting rid of that unhealthy weight. In essence, the longer that children sit in front of the television, the more unhealthy food they are likely to eat. The consequence of the two aforementioned issues is that children gain

Implementating magnet environment in Riyadh Military Hospital ICU unit Essay

Implementating magnet environment in Riyadh Military Hospital ICU unit - Essay Example The process of magnet environment in magnet hospitals begins from the process of recruitment and continues with the process of retention. In the process of recruitment, a considerable number of measures are put in place and taken into account in order to ensure the attainment of recruitment objectives. In which candidates current and future expectations are taken into account. After recruiting, many efforts are consumed to retain the hired nurses. Needless to say, it is the ultimate objective of the recruitment of nurses to ensure their continual nursing services with a quite foreseeable future with the management of hospital. More significantly, numerous factors are taken into that require their attainment at recruitment and retention of nurses. However, Shortell & Kaluzny (2006) provide some fundamental elements essential to magnet environment within hospitals; they include, quality of nursing and leadership, organisational performance, motivation and worker autonomy, work design, effective groups and teams, coordination and communication, participative or decentralized management, and organizational change and organizational innovation. The nursing profession consists of three types of workers: registered nurses, nurse aides, and licensed practical nurses (General Accounting Office, 2001). Registered nurses, who are state-licensed and possess associate degrees (two-year community colleges), diplomas (three-year hospital programs), or baccalaureate degrees (four-year colleges), provide direct patient care besides managing nursing care (Keenan, & Kennedy, 2003). Nurse aides may provide their health care services in hospitals and home care settings as well, but... This paper talks also about a few things. One of them is attrition, which is not only a problem for hospitals but also for the managers, health policy makers, and managers relevant to the field of nursing. Besides increasing cost burden over the hospital management to renew the hiring process in order to fill the gap created by attrition of nurses. Interestingly, not only in the developed countries, where the health industry is considerably advanced and stable than health industry operating in the developing countries. Throughout the essay, we can see profound infromation on magnet environment and types of nurses, where it's discussed how important quality of nursing and leadership, organisational performance, motivation and worker autonomy, work design, effective groups and teams, coordination and communication, participative or decentralized management, and organizational change and organizational innovation are. Then the essay begins discussing the causes of nurse attrition, where the general perception of nurse is less positive. Afterwards, the paper talks about the effective strategies to increase nurse retention. This essay has a conclusion, which states that magnet environment holds a key to retain nurses. And, the magnet environment occurs when all the elements inside an organisation work in the required way; In which, organisational commitment, nurse leadership, recruitment policies and procedures, and enablement of nurses in the required level of decision making.